Science and Technology news... :: View topic - The New Generation of Physicians are Frauds!

RF · Guest

allr1@webtv.net wrote:
[quote]I think ironjustice is good example of that.

Not enough Oxygen is getting to the Brain. :-)

[/quote]
We haven>t seen much of your brain yet allr1,
assuming that you have something resembling one.

Citizen Jimserac · Guest

On Nov 14, 6:48 pm, Michael B <baugh...@bellsouth.net> wrote:
[quote]Two signals of having enough-elevated blood sugar and stomach
extension.
It typically takes about 20 minutes to get the feeling of satiety
from having an adequate blood sugar. But people with diabetes,
people that binge eat, etc. don>t get that message as quickly or
clearly. So it doesn>t come as a surprise that the ones that ate
slowly more likely got the message without overconsuming.
Dr Chung felt that the person should routinely leave the table
while still feeling some hunger. He didn>t feel that the person
should stay in a hunger state, just that they shouldn>t continue
to eat till they felt "full".
He also pointed out that the long-lifers were more typically in
mountainous areas with barely adequate nutrition.

On Oct 22, 8:50 am, CitizenJimserac<Jimse...@gmail.com> wrote:

On Oct 22, 8:39 am, ironjustice <teamtan...@hotmail.com> wrote:

This gives credence to the .. Dr. Chung theory.

"Always leave the table hungry."

Is that what he was saying because
I tried to get him to elaborate
and found conversation with
him quite impossible.
He merely repeats his religious references,
apparently having no understanding himself
of what it is he is talking about.

CitizenJimserac
[/quote]
First of all I regret that I must criticize Dr. Chung
for continuously spamming misc.health.alternative medicine newsgroup
with his
rather curious theological ideas which he appears to use in support of
some
medical conceptions which are so misleadingly stated that it requires
other people,
such as you, to provide clarification. Dr. Chung himself refuses to
engage
in detailed discussion and either responds in cryptic repetitions,
gives some
totally inaapropriate biblical reference or otherwise continues in his
propaganda
campaign which apppears to be for NO OTHER PURPOSE, IN MY OPINION,
THAN SELF AGGRANDIZEMENT.

May I request that you AND ESPECIALLY DR. CHUNG please confine your
nutritional
ideas to the appropriate newsgroup.

MISC.HEALTH.ALTERNATIVE is not it.

Thanks
Citizen Jimserac

Valto Hirvonen · Guest

Mikä ihmeen 80%?

Lukasin lehden 5.6.2008 ja nyt on suorastaan outoa ilmassa. Miltei jokainen
Suomen ja MYÖS Ruotsin ydinvoimalat kaikki pörrää mystisellä 80 % tehollaan?
HalloUU? Miksei joku 75 % tai vaikka 90 %?? Ja miksei ydinala lainkaan asiaa
kommentoi vaikka miljoonat palaa poikineen kuin tyhjää vaan
sähkönmenetyksiin. Miksei täällä kukaan ole huomaavinaan mitään..."outoa"
ydinpuollossa. Ruotsin 80 % ajoa on kestänyt jo vuosia?

Mikä älli sai meillä toimituksen alkamaan vain päiviä sen jälkeen kun
valitukseni EU:lle meni USA:n tehosyyneihin? . Sitten VÄLÄHTI! Mikä erottaa
Ruotsin ja Suomen ydinvoimalat kaikesta muusta maapallon
ydinvoimalakannasta? Aivan, täällä vaihdetaan tuskin kolmannes uraanista
vuosittain, kun muualla maailmalla AINA kaikki! Toinen mielenkiintoinen
vinkki. Pohjoismainen uraanin nyt tutkailtava laittomaksi plutoniumajoksi
luonnehdittu U-235 polttolimiittiarvo on 75. Vastaava luku on 98 % maailman
muilla reaktoreilla korkeintaan 60! Lasketaan, 60/ 75= 80 %! Siitä narahti!
Ja kuin ilmaiseksi ratkesi myös se mysteerio miten yhtäkkiä IAEA, joka
kieltää kyllä säätöajon hyväksyy pysäytetyn, j u u r i 80 % pidon
ydinvoimaloille! Samasta syystä miksei ydinpuolto halua asiasta hiiskausta
esittää.

Ruotsissa on ymmärretty, että sen ongelmana on laittoman suureksi
keinoteltu, nyt ilmiannettu plutoniumenergiankäyttö. Jonka seurauksena jo
vuosikaudet Pohjolan ydinvoimaloiden tehostandardit on ylitetty kymmenillä
prosenteilla. Kun paineet ilmiannostani (-07) kävivät sietämättömyyksiin ja
jopa USA puuttui vihaisena tähän ultravaaralliseen epävakaan
plutonimppolttosaastuttamiseen on ydinalan ollut kylmästi PAKKO palata
alustavasti nöyrästi takaisin alkuperäiseen 100 % tehon normaaliajoonsa
reaktoreissaan, ilman revityslisiään! Nimittäin ala ounastelee jo ja syystä,
että USA kieltää KAIKKI ylitehoajot seinään! Ruotsin voimalaongelmat kun
eivät olleet yhtään mainosta ylitehorevityksiin plutoniumajoissa. Nyt kun
TVO:n Ruotsin kaksoislaitoksissa alkoi myös tritiumarvot ryöstäytyä
366kertaisuuksiinsa ja koneet levitä sellaiseen tahtiin (6 kertaa vuodessa),
että hirvittää, aletaan valmistautua noloina normiajoon!

Kiteytettynä on kyse siitä, että ydinyhtiöillä on karusti veneet kaikki
karilla ja nöyryys mielessään pakko pokkuroida, ettei USA kiellä KOKO
ydintoimintalupia! Vautsi, siis täytyy tosiaan sanoa, että tämä nyt läpi
mennyt plutoniumpolttorikosepäilyni lienee kalleinta mitä olen IKINÄ saanut
TVO:n ja näemmä Ruotsin ydinyhtiöillä aikaan!! Ja katkolla on siis OL-3
kaikki plutoniumpolttoaikeet kerralla ja täysin mahdollista, että
ydinvoimaloittemme uraanin polttomäärät kustannuksia säästelemättä
ydinsähköhintoihimme KOLMINKERTAISTETAAN! Niin on riemukas olo, että taidan
syventyä "entistä tarkempaan" ydinaihelukuhommaan! Ja yleisön pyynnöstä
vielä TVO:n ydinhajoamiset. Uusin no: 6/ Viikolla 22. vuona 2008 revision
jälkeinen generaattorin +250 % jännitepiikki räjäyttää 2 pääkiertopumppua ja
tuhoaa mm. joka toisen perusverkkosyöttövarmennuksen UPS laitteista ja
suuren joukon muuta sähkövälttämättömyyttä OL-1 laitokselta. INES
ydintuholuokka saa useamman merkinnän. 5/ Sattui tammikuussa -08 kun OL-2
meni pikasulkuun jäähileiden tukkiessa jäähdytysveden. 4+ 3/ Kakkosyksikkö
pysäytettiin kahteen erilliseen kertaan kahdesta eri teknisestä syystä aivan
vuoden vaihteessa. 2/ TVO-kakkosyksikkö, viime syyskuussa -07 pysäytettiin
jäähdytysyksikössä olleen vikansa vuoksi.1/ Niin ikään kakkosyksikkö oli
vuorokauden katkos turbiinilaakerin palonalun takia.

Marshall Price · Guest

RF wrote:
[quote]Andrew B. Chung MD/PhD wrote:
Hunger is wonderful ! ! !

Tell that joke to the world, you clown.

...... and keep your superstitious garbage to
yourself.
[/quote]
It>s a good idea to avoid stuffing yourself full at every meal!

--
Marshall Price of Miami
Known to Yahoo as d021317c

Perttu · Guest

*On suorastaan mielenkintoista huomata muuten miten juuri SUPO:n
poliisivaltuuksia, nettivakoilua, puhelinsalaisuuksia ja urkintalupia yhän
laajemmin erityisesti Holmlundin toimesta lisätään ydinhallinnollemma
merittäin.. .Mutta, mutta???

*Koskaan ei sen tarkemmin sanota MITEN tätä urkintaa ihan OIKEASTI
suoritetaan ja toimeenpannaan sitten näillä perustuslakirikomuksin
konkretisoiden. On tosiaan aika oleellista, että näin estetään kaikin
mahdollisin keinoin ihmisuhreja tajuamasta miten tämä vakoilemisen sähköinen
muoto toteutetaan "katutasolla". Vain kaltaiseni alan ammattilainen
toisaalta osaa hakea niitä systeemiin liittyviä "akilleen kantapäitä"! On
sanomatta selvää, että kannettaviensa akunpoisto ilman, että koneen
fyysiseen toimintaedellytykseen tulee minkäänlaista ongelmaa haittaa
SUPO/NSA porukkojen kaukolukujensa jne. toimia niinpaljon ettei sellaisia
faktoja saa julkituoda! On totta, ettei tällaisia faktoja sallittaisi sitten
suin surmin levittää kansan tietoisuuksiin, esim tänne nettiin.

*Ja koska kivaa vastaanottoa tuntuu piisaavan niin tässä lisää: Eli usein
ihmisillä on harhakäsitys siitä, että kopioimalla saa ID-koodit
häippäsemään. Kopioikaa kaksi perussivua, tai ajakaa printteriin. Siirtäkää
ne päällekkäin. Ja liu-uttakaa tuuman verran. Huomaatte miten molemmissa
kuvien reunoissa on kuin hyttysen paskapisteitä miltei samanlaisesti
sikinsokin. Nykyään ne voi olla myös esim. vain UV_valossa näkyviä
valkoisia!! Joka reunassa ja kuvan keskialueilla tämä sama CIA-koodeksi
loistaa mukanaolollaan. Siinä on siis päivämääriä, maatunuksia, koneen
omistajia ja kopiomääreitä ja vastaavia kokonaistietokirjoja. Näillä sitten
vielä vaikka kymmenkertaisísta kopioinneista kyetään täsmähakemaan koko
kirjamateriaalin reitti salaisista arkistoista flaierreihin asti.. .Eli
rakkaat lukijat muistakaa nyt myös tällaisten faktojen olemassaaolot.
Nykyinen teknikan maailma on täynään tämän tyyppisiä ydinalan
sudenkuoppameriä. Toki näihin on erinäisiä "kiertoreittejä" mutta ne osaavat
kiertää lähinnä aniharvat alan huippuosaajat.. ..!

jay · Guest

[quote]In the study mentioned above, blood levels of dieldrin were
significantly high in the hypothyroid of women

What does that mean, "the hypothyroid of women"? Is it a mistake?
[/quote]
Looks like a mistake to me also. Maybe they meant:
.... blood levels of dieldrin were significantly high in women with
disrupted thyroid hormones ...

jay · Guest

[quote] My recent experience with long-term fasting may provide some insight into this problem. My weight fell from nearly 190 pounds to below 90 (and perhaps 80) pounds, and my arms and legs were quite emaciated.
[/quote]
What made you take such a drastic fast? Were you still exercising
during fast? How are you feeling now?

[quote]abdomen between the belly button and pubic bone!
In that region, I retained fat ...
Could ... saunas ... wearing of belts ...
[/quote]
Its possible or that particular section is most effected by POPs.
Possibly antioxidants such as ALA, Carnitine, NAC, CoQ10 or green tea
would help.

Marshall Price · Guest

Rich Murray wrote:
[quote]diabetes and POPS (persistent organic pollutants: dioxins, PCBs, BPA),
DH Lee, DR Jacobs, YL Guo, ED Rosen, and other recent studies -- is
formaldehyde from the 11% methanol part of aspartame a co-factor?
[/quote]
That post was an excellent contribution! But I, too, wonder about
the answer to your question. How serious are the formaldehyde and
methanol, and how well equipped are our livers to cope with them?

--
Marshall Price of Miami
Known to Yahoo as d021317c

Marshall Price · Guest

jay wrote:
[quote]http://www.totalhealthbreakthroughs.com/2008/09/pesticides-weight-gain-and-insulin-resistance/

Pesticides, Weight Gain, and Insulin Resistance 09/23/2008

If you are having difficulty losing weight even after dieting and
exercising more, you are not alone.
[/quote]
<snip>

[quote]In the study mentioned above, blood levels of dieldrin were
significantly high in the hypothyroid of women
[/quote]

What does that mean, "the hypothyroid of women"? Is it a mistake?

--
Marshall Price of Miami
Known to Yahoo as d021317c

Marshall Price · Guest

jay wrote:
[quote]http://www.totalhealthbreakthroughs.com/2008/09/pesticides-weight-gain-and-insulin-resistance/

Pesticides, Weight Gain, and Insulin Resistance 09/23/2008

If you are having difficulty losing weight...
[/quote]
<snip>

[quote]However, since many pesticides tend to reside in the fatty components
of our body, they can be very difficult to remove, and so far, the
only effective way to remove them is through sweating, with the use of
saunas for instance. Far infrared saunas are a new type of sauna
technology that has been researched in Japan. This type of sauna is
reported to be even more effective in removing toxic substances than
traditional saunas because the rays penetrate deeper into the tissue.
But any form of sweating is helpful, even sweating from exercise.
[/quote]
My recent experience with long-term fasting may provide some insight
into this problem. My weight fell from nearly 190 pounds to below 90
(and perhaps 80) pounds, and my arms and legs were quite emaciated. So
was every part of me, except for one region: that part of my abdomen
between the belly button and pubic bone! In that region, I retained
fat, not only subcutaneous fat (as evidenced by pinching my skin), but
also intra-abdominal fat, detectable by a pronounced bulge.

Could the fact that I>d often taken saunas prior to the whole
episode, but haven>t during it, nor since, have made that fat less
watery, and thus, more intractable to its reduction for energy?

Another hypothesis: Could the wearing of belts (tight enough to hold
our pants up) interfere with our circulation enough to make belly fat
different from other fat deposits?

--
Marshall Price of Miami
Known to Yahoo as d021317c

Citizen Jimserac · Guest

On Nov 21, 8:24 am, Citizen Jimserac <Jimse...@gmail.com> wrote:
[quote]On Nov 14, 6:48 pm, Michael B <baugh...@bellsouth.net> wrote:

Two signals of having enough-elevated blood sugar and stomach
extension.
It typically takes about 20 minutes to get the feeling of satiety
from having an adequate blood sugar. But people with diabetes,
people that binge eat, etc. don>t get that message as quickly or
clearly. So it doesn>t come as a surprise that the ones that ate
slowly more likely got the message without overconsuming.
Dr Chung felt that the person should routinely leave the table
while still feeling some hunger. He didn>t feel that the person
should stay in a hunger state, just that they shouldn>t continue
to eat till they felt "full".
He also pointed out that the long-lifers were more typically in
mountainous areas with barely adequate nutrition.

On Oct 22, 8:50 am, CitizenJimserac<Jimse...@gmail.com> wrote:

On Oct 22, 8:39 am, ironjustice <teamtan...@hotmail.com> wrote:

This gives credence to the .. Dr. Chung theory.

"Always leave the table hungry."

Is that what he was saying because
I tried to get him to elaborate
and found conversation with
him quite impossible.
He merely repeats his religious references,
apparently having no understanding himself
of what it is he is talking about.

CitizenJimserac

First of all I regret that I must criticize Dr. Chung
for continuously spamming misc.health.alternative medicine newsgroup
with his
rather curious theological ideas which he appears to use in support of
some
medical conceptions which are so misleadingly stated that it requires
other people,
such as you, to provide clarification. Dr. Chung himself refuses to
engage
in detailed discussion and either responds in cryptic repetitions,
gives some
totally inaapropriate biblical reference or otherwise continues in his
propaganda
campaign which apppears to be for NO OTHER PURPOSE, IN MY OPINION,
THAN SELF AGGRANDIZEMENT.

May I request that you AND ESPECIALLY DR. CHUNG please confine your
nutritional
ideas to the appropriate newsgroup.

MISC.HEALTH.ALTERNATIVE is not it.

Thanks
CitizenJimserac
[/quote]
Let it be noted that there was NO RESPONSE from "Dr." Chung

Guest

Are you new here? I>ve been pointing this out for years here! "High
cholesterol" is healthy, actually, as long as you know how to avoid
cholesterol oxidation (mainly PUFAs in LDL seem to be a huge issue,
along with an diet poor in antioxidant-rich foods). A low salt diet
is very unhealthy too - almost killed me, actually. Now I eat large
amounts of salt with each meal. "Saturated fat" may or may not be
healthy, depending upon how the "expert" defines it. Dietary
saturated fatty acids, on the other hand, are fine.

Andrew B. Chung, MD/PhD · Guest

Juhana Harju wrote:
[quote]vauxall wrote:

The cholesterol - heart disease scam: How the medical-industrial
complex is raking in billions at our expense

http://www.opednews.com/articles/The-cholesterol--heart-di-by-Richard-Clark-081121-736.html

Although a staggering amount of money has been spent on research to
conclusively prove the link between saturated fat, cholesterol and
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), there exists a massive volume of
scientific evidence published in peer-reviewed journals that
completely absolves dietary cholesterol, saturated fat and elevated
blood cholesterol of any harmful role in CHD.

The Lancet, Volume 370, Issue 9602, Pages 1829 - 1839, 1 December 2007
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61778-4

Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a
meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55 000
vascular deaths
Prospective Studies Collaboration

SUMMARY

*Background*
Age, sex, and blood pressure could modify the associations of total
cholesterol (and its main two fractions, HDL and LDL cholesterol) with
vascular mortality. This meta-analysis combined prospective studies of
vascular mortality that recorded both blood pressure and total cholesterol
at baseline, to determine the joint relevance of these two risk factors.

*Methods*
Information was obtained from 61 prospective observational studies, mostly
in western Europe or North America, consisting of almost 900 000 adults
without previous disease and with baseline measurements of total cholesterol
and blood pressure. During nearly 12 million person years at risk between
the ages of 40 and 89 years, there were more than 55 000 vascular deaths (34
000 ischaemic heart disease [IHD], 12 000 stroke, 10 000 other). Information
about HDL cholesterol was available for 150 000 participants, among whom
there were 5000 vascular deaths (3000 IHD, 1000 stroke, 1000 other).
Reported associations are with usual cholesterol levels (ie, corrected for
the regression dilution bias).

*Findings*
1 mmol/L lower total cholesterol was associated with about a half (hazard
ratio 0ï¿½44 [95% CI 0ï¿½42-0ï¿½48]), a third (0ï¿½66 [0ï¿½65-0ï¿½68]), and a sixth
(0ï¿½83 [0ï¿½81-0ï¿½85]) lower IHD mortality in both sexes at ages 40-49, 50-69,
and 70-89 years, respectively, throughout the main range of cholesterol in
most developed countries, with no apparent threshold. The proportional risk
reduction decreased with increasing blood pressure, since the absolute
effects of cholesterol and blood pressure were approximately additive. Of
various simple indices involving HDL cholesterol, the ratio total/HDL
cholesterol was the strongest predictor of IHD mortality (40% more
informative than non-HDL cholesterol and more than twice as informative as
total cholesterol). Total cholesterol was weakly positively related to
ischaemic and total stroke mortality in early middle age (40-59 years), but
this finding could be largely or wholly accounted for by the association of
cholesterol with blood pressure. Moreover, a positive relation was seen only
in middle age and only in those with below-average blood pressure; at older
ages (70-89 years) and, particularly, for those with systolic blood pressure
over about 145 mm Hg, total cholesterol was negatively related to
haemorrhagic and total stroke mortality. The results for other vascular
mortality were intermediate between those for IHD and stroke.

*Interpretation*
Total cholesterol was positively associated with IHD mortality in both
middle and old age and at all blood pressure levels. The absence of an
independent positive association of cholesterol with stroke mortality,
especially at older ages or higher blood pressures, is unexplained, and
invites further research. Nevertheless, there is conclusive evidence from
randomised trials that statins substantially reduce not only coronary event
rates but also total stroke rates in patients with a wide range of ages and
blood pressures.

http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673607617784/abstract

[/quote]
It remains wiser to simply eat less, down to the right amount, thereby
losing the VAT and possibly obviating the need for taking medications
to lower cholesterol:

http://groups.google.com/group/sci.med.cardiology/msg/3558812d72ab4e17?

May dear neighbors, friends, and brethren have a blessedly wonderful
2008th year since the birth of our LORD Jesus Christ as our Messiah,
the Son of Man ...

.... by being hungrier:

http://groups.google.com/group/sci.med.cardiology/msg/f891e617d10bd689?

Hunger is wonderful ! ! !

It>s how we know the answer to the question "What does Jesus
want?" (WDJW):

http://groups.google.com/group/sci.med.cardiology/msg/f43db72a7c5c1da0?

Yes, hunger is our knowledge of good versus evil that Adam and Eve
paid for with their and our immortal lives:

http://groups.google.com/group/sci.med.cardiology/msg/52a3db8576495806?

"Blessed are you who hunger NOW...

.... for you will be satisfied." -- LORD Jesus Christ (Luke 6:21)

Amen.

Here is a Spirit-guided exegesis of Luke 6:21 given in hopes of
promoting much greater understanding:

http://groups.google.com/group/sci.med.cardiology/msg/cc2aa8f8a4d41360?

Be hungrier, which is truly healthier:

http://groups.google.com/group/sci.med.cardiology/msg/991d4e30704307e7?

Marana tha

Prayerfully in the awesome name of our Messiah, LORD Jesus Christ,

Andrew <><
--
"... no one can say 'Jesus is LORD' except by the Holy Spirit." (1 Cor
12:3)

http://groups.google.com/group/sci.med.cardiology/msg/43acbc5ea248ceee?

Ted · Guest

On Nov 23, 4:08 pm, vauxall <vaux...@virgilio.it> wrote:
[quote]x-no-archive:yes

The cholesterol - heart disease scam: How the medical-industrial
complex is raking in billions at our expense

http://www.opednews.com/articles/The-cholesterol--heart-di-by-Richard...

Although a staggering amount of money has been spent on research to
conclusively prove the link between saturated fat, cholesterol and
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), there exists a massive volume of
scientific evidence published in peer-reviewed journals that
completely absolves dietary cholesterol, saturated fat and elevated
blood cholesterol of any harmful role in CHD.

Despite the fact that this research, contradicting the orthodox
hypothesis, has been published in prestigious journals for decades,
and despite the complete failure of the massive low-fat, anti-
cholesterol campaign to lower the overall incidence of CHD, the
cholesterol/saturated fat theory of CHD enjoys almost unanimous
acceptance among health authorities. And yet the amount of
cholesterol formed by the liver is controlled according to the needs
of the body. If dietary cholesterol is increased, a healthy liver
responds by making less cholesterol. However, if the cholesterol in
the diet is decreased, the liver makes more. In this way the body
regulates how much cholesterol is produced for its needs.

Yet at the drop of a hat, no few cardiologists will convince
unsuspecting patients that because they have "high cholesterol" they
should be subjected to an angiogram -- a very expensive and not
completely safe procedure in which a catheter is injected into an
artery in the groin and then pushed all the way up through the aorta
into the region of the heart, where dye is injected into the blood so
that an X-ray machine can see if there might be any blood flow
blockages (blockages that are caused by excessive homocysteine in the
blood). Evidence suggests that high levels of homocysteine in the
blood promotes atherosclerosis (fatty-cholesterol-plaque deposits in
blood vessels) by damaging the inner lining of arteries thereby
causing plaque build up at various points inside arteries, often near
the heart. Fortunately, folic acid, in combination with vitamins B-6
and B-12, helps break down homocysteine in the body, as shown in
several studies. Other studies show that low blood levels of folic
acid are linked with a higher risk of fatal coronary heart disease and
stroke.
[/quote]
But obviously diet does play a role. I have read that when Asians move
to the West and eat a western diet, they get heart disease at the same
rate that Americans do.

Juhana Harju · Guest

vauxall wrote:
[quote]x-no-archive:yes

The cholesterol - heart disease scam: How the medical-industrial
complex is raking in billions at our expense

http://www.opednews.com/articles/The-cholesterol--heart-di-by-Richard-Clark-081121-736.html

Although a staggering amount of money has been spent on research to
conclusively prove the link between saturated fat, cholesterol and
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), there exists a massive volume of
scientific evidence published in peer-reviewed journals that
completely absolves dietary cholesterol, saturated fat and elevated
blood cholesterol of any harmful role in CHD.
[/quote]
The Lancet, Volume 370, Issue 9602, Pages 1829 - 1839, 1 December 2007
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61778-4

Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a
meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55 000
vascular deaths
Prospective Studies Collaboration

SUMMARY

*Background*
Age, sex, and blood pressure could modify the associations of total
cholesterol (and its main two fractions, HDL and LDL cholesterol) with
vascular mortality. This meta-analysis combined prospective studies of
vascular mortality that recorded both blood pressure and total cholesterol
at baseline, to determine the joint relevance of these two risk factors.

*Methods*
Information was obtained from 61 prospective observational studies, mostly
in western Europe or North America, consisting of almost 900 000 adults
without previous disease and with baseline measurements of total cholesterol
and blood pressure. During nearly 12 million person years at risk between
the ages of 40 and 89 years, there were more than 55 000 vascular deaths (34
000 ischaemic heart disease [IHD], 12 000 stroke, 10 000 other). Information
about HDL cholesterol was available for 150 000 participants, among whom
there were 5000 vascular deaths (3000 IHD, 1000 stroke, 1000 other).
Reported associations are with usual cholesterol levels (ie, corrected for
the regression dilution bias).

*Findings*
1 mmol/L lower total cholesterol was associated with about a half (hazard
ratio 0·44 [95% CI 0·42-0·48]), a third (0·66 [0·65-0·68]), and a sixth
(0·83 [0·81-0·85]) lower IHD mortality in both sexes at ages 40-49, 50-69,
and 70-89 years, respectively, throughout the main range of cholesterol in
most developed countries, with no apparent threshold. The proportional risk
reduction decreased with increasing blood pressure, since the absolute
effects of cholesterol and blood pressure were approximately additive. Of
various simple indices involving HDL cholesterol, the ratio total/HDL
cholesterol was the strongest predictor of IHD mortality (40% more
informative than non-HDL cholesterol and more than twice as informative as
total cholesterol). Total cholesterol was weakly positively related to
ischaemic and total stroke mortality in early middle age (40-59 years), but
this finding could be largely or wholly accounted for by the association of
cholesterol with blood pressure. Moreover, a positive relation was seen only
in middle age and only in those with below-average blood pressure; at older
ages (70-89 years) and, particularly, for those with systolic blood pressure
over about 145 mm Hg, total cholesterol was negatively related to
haemorrhagic and total stroke mortality. The results for other vascular
mortality were intermediate between those for IHD and stroke.

*Interpretation*
Total cholesterol was positively associated with IHD mortality in both
middle and old age and at all blood pressure levels. The absence of an
independent positive association of cholesterol with stroke mortality,
especially at older ages or higher blood pressures, is unexplained, and
invites further research. Nevertheless, there is conclusive evidence from
randomised trials that statins substantially reduce not only coronary event
rates but also total stroke rates in patients with a wide range of ages and
blood pressures.

http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673607617784/abstract

--
Juhana


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