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ironjustice@aol.com
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 Posted: Thu Nov 13, 2008 5:50 pm Post subject: Re: Smoke Em If You Got Em |
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On Nov 8, 5:50 pm, ironjustice <ironjust...@cashette.com> wrote: Then,
using an acid-induced acute lung injury mouse model,
we found that nicotine, choline, and PNU-282987
(a specific á7 nAChR agonist) decreased excess lung water
and lung vascular permeability, <<
It seems to me .. the words nicot - ine .. and chol - ine .. are
coming up alot .. and they both seem to be capable of doing the same
thing .. increasing .. bliss ..
Now .. would could the decrease of CONSUMPTION / destruction OF ..
chol - ine BE the .. 'need' FOR .. nicot - ine .. and the like .. ? ..
IE: gambling .. sex addiction .. etc .. / DOPE - amine .. ?
http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20050625/timeline.asp
A new vitamin that is essential for liver function and that may play
an important role in controlling diabetes was described at the
meeting
of the American and Canadian Medical Associations by one of its
discoverers, Dr. C.H. Best of Toronto, codiscoverer of insulin, the
life-saving remedy for diabetes.
The new vitamin has a real name, choline, instead of a letter, as do
most other members of the vitamin family. It is found in many foods,
but the best sources are meat, egg yolk, and yeast.
Dr. M. Hershey and Miss M.E. Huntsman, of the University of Toronto,
were responsible for many of the fundamental observations that led up
to the discovery of the significance of choline, Dr. Best stated.
Lack of this vitamin causes the serious condition of fatty liver, Dr.
Best said. When the liver becomes fatty, it fails to make sugar or
handle bile or do many of the things it should do, he explained.
The vitamin was discovered in the course of insulin investigations.
Dogs that had no pancreas, the insulin-secreting organ, failed to
live
for more than a few months, even when given insulin injections. When
they were fed minced pancreas, in addition to the insulin, they lived
for years.
However, chemical studies of the pancreas showed that in addition to
producing insulin and a digestive ferment, this organ contained
choline, and that it was the choline in the diet of minced pancreas
that kept the dogs alive after they had lost their own pancreases.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Lecithin may therefore be the method of choice for
accelerating acetylcholine synthesis"
Lancet. 1977 Jul 9;2(8028):68-9. Related Articles, Links
Lecithin consumption raises serum-free-choline levels.
Wurtman RJ, Hirsch MJ, Growdon JH.
Consumption of choline by rats sequentially increases serum-choline,
brain-choline, and brain-acetylcholine concentrations. In man
consumption of choline increases in levels in the serum and
cerebrospinal fluid; its administration is an effective way of
treating tardive dyskinesia.
We found that oral lecithin is considerably more
effective in raising human serum-choline levels than an equivalent
quantity of choline chloride. 30 minutes after ingestion of choline
chloride (2-3 g free base), serum-choline levels rose by 86% and
returned to normal values within 4 hours; 1 hour after lecithin
ingestion, these levels rose by 265% and remained significantly
raised for 12 hours.
Lecithin may therefore be the method of choice for
accelerating acetylcholine synthesis by increasing the availability
of choline, its precursor in the blood.
PMID: 69151 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=72010
New Study Indicates That People May Need More Dietary Choline Than
Previously Thought
Article Date: 30 May 2007 - 9:00 PDT
A new study published in the May issue of the American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition indicates that the current recommended Adequate
Intake (AI) for choline may, in fact, be inadequate for some people.1
Choline is an essential nutrient for normal functioning of all cells,
including those involved with liver metabolism, brain and nerve
function, memory, and the transportation of nutrients throughout the
body.
In this depletion-repletion study, 57 adult subjects (26 men, 16
premenopausal women and 15 postmenopausal women) were fed a diet
containing 550 mg of choline for 10 days, then fed less than 50 mg a
day of choline for up to 42 days.
* When deprived of the nutrient, 77 percent of men, 80 percent of
postmenopausal women and 44 percent of premenopausal women developed
fatty liver or muscle damage.
* Six men (23 percent) developed these signs while consuming the
initial 550 mg of daily choline, even though 550 mg is the current AI
for men.
* Nineteen percent of the subjects required as high as 825 mg of
daily choline to prevent or reverse the organ dysfunction associated
with
the low-choline diet, an amount significantly higher than the current
AI.
* For all participants, blood homocysteine levels increased during
choline depletion. Other studies have associated high homocysteine
levels with heart disease.
"These study results clearly indicate that some adults, notably men
and post-menopausal women, need more choline than is recommended by
the current AI," says study co-author Kerry-Ann da Costa, PhD, a
research assistant professor at the University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill. "We hope these findings will aid the Institute of
Medicine in refining the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) of this
nutrient."
This study is the most complete study of choline requirements to date
and is the first to include women. Its division of participants into
two groups - one receiving dietary supplementation of folic acid and
one not - also determined that susceptibility to choline deficiency
was not altered by folic acid supplementation.
Closing the Choline Gap
Additional research on the population demonstrated that choline
intake
is far below the current AI, a concern that intakes may be too low to
meet the needs of many individuals.
* Research conducted at Iowa State University found that only 10
percent or less of older children, men, women and pregnant women in
America get the AI of choline each day.2
* A separate study presented this month at the National Nutrient Data
Bank Conference found that choline intake decreases with age and that
adults ages 71 and older consume an average of about 264 milligrams
per day - roughly half of the AI for choline.3
Eggs, beef liver, chicken liver and wheat germ are considered
excellent sources of choline. Two eggs contain 280 milligrams of
choline, half the recommended daily supply.
"Eggs are a practical food that can help people get the choline they
need, along with several other nutrients, at just 75 calories an
egg,"
says registered dietitian Maye Musk. "Choline is actually found in
the
yolk of the egg, so people who consistently only eat egg whites may
be
missing out on a key nutrient opportunity."
Why Choline Matters
The importance of dietary choline has been well-established.
* A 2004 study in the American Journal of Epidemiology linked poor
dietary choline to adverse outcomes during pregnancy, including a
four-
fold increased risk of having a baby with a neural tube defect. 4 * A
research review published in the Annual Reviews of Nutrition suggests
that choline plays an important role in normal fetal development,
particularly during the stages that involve knowledge acquirement and
life-long memory function. 5
###
For more information, on the benefits of choline for pregnant women,
visit http://www.pregnancyfoodguide.org/ or http://www.enc-online.org/.
About the American Egg Board (AEB)
AEB is the U.S. egg producer>s link to the consumer in communicating
the value of 'the incredible edible egg' and is funded from a
national
legislative checkoff on all egg production from companies with
greater
than 75,000 layers in the continental United States. The board
consists of 18 members and 18 alternates from all regions of the
country who are appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture. The AEB
staff carries out the programs under the board direction. AEB is
located in Park Ridge, Ill. Visit http://www.aeb.org/ for more
information.
About the Egg Nutrition Center (ENC)
ENC was established in 1979 for the purpose of providing commercial
egg producers and processors, health promotion agencies, and
consumers
with a resource for scientifically accurate information on egg
nutrition and the role of eggs in the health and nutrition of the
American diet. The center exists under a cooperative agreement
between
the American Egg Board (AEB) and United Egg Producers (UEP). ENC is
located in Washington, DC. Visit http://www.enc-online.org/ for more
information.
1 Fischer LM, et al. Sex and menopausal status influence human
dietary
requirements for the nutrient choline. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;
85:1275-85.
2 Jensen HH, et al. Choline in the diets of the US population:
NHANES,
2003-2004, Iowa State University (presented at Experimental Biology
2007, Washington DC)
3 Keast DR, Food sources of choline in the diets of US older adults:
NHANES, 1999-2004." (presented at the 31st National Nutrient Databank
Conference, Washington DC) Food sources of choline in the diets of US
older adults: NHANES, 1999-2004.
4Shaw GM, et al. Periconceptional dietary intake of choline and
betaine and neural tube defects in offspring. Am J Epid 2004; 160(2):
102-109.
5Zeisel SH. Choline:critical role during fetal development and
dietary
requirements in adults. Annu Rev Nutr, 2006; 26:229-50.
Contact: Egg Nutrition Media Hotline
Edelman Public Relations
----------------------------------
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh
Man Is A Herbivore!
http://tinyurl.com/a3cc3
DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk |
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ironjustice
Guest
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| Posted: Thu Nov 13, 2008 7:54 pm Post subject: Re: Smoke Em If You Got Em |
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|
On Nov 13, 9:50 am, "ironjust...@aol.com" <ironjust...@aol.com> wrote:
On Nov 8, 5:50 pm, ironjustice <ironjust...@cashette.com> wrote:
Then,
using an acid-induced acute lung injury mouse model, we found that
nicotine, choline, and PNU-282987 (a specific á7 nAChR agonist)
decreased excess lung water and lung vascular permeability, <<
"Decreased excess lung water "
THAT latest article seems to confirm this one from awhile ago ..
Nicotinic acid reduction of plasma volume loss after thermal trauma.
Science. 1976 Feb 27;191(4229):861-2.
Hilton JG, Wells CH.
Intravenous administration of nicotinic acid to the anesthetized dog
prior to thermal trauma reduced plasma loss at 10 minutes after burn
from 7 milliliters per kilogram to less than 2 millimeters per
kilogram.
During the next 50 minutes plasma loss was the same in treated and
untreated animals.
An additional dose of nicotinic acid 30 minutes after burn prevented
this further loss.
----------------
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1396423
Abstract
Pulmonary extravascular water has been measured as lung thermal volume
(LTV) in a group of nine burned patients.
Transducer-detectable indicators were used to permit frequent
repetition and quick results.
Concurrent recordings were made of cardiac output, pulmonary capillary
wedge pressure and the usual hemodynamic variables.
Moderate elevation of LTV was seen in all, reaching a maximum value
before peripheral edema formation was complete.
Left heart filling pressures were low as plasma albumin
concentration.
Clinical pulmonary edema occurred in one patient treated mostly with
crystalloid solution.
In several, a secondary peak coincided with edema mobilization.
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
http://tinyurl.com/634q5a
Man Is A Herbivore!
http://tinyurl.com/4rq595
DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk
[quote]
Now .. would could the decrease of CONSUMPTION / destruction OF ..
chol - ine BE the .. 'need' FOR .. nicot - ine .. and the like .. ? ..
IE: gambling .. sex addiction .. etc .. / DOPE - amine .. ?
http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20050625/timeline.asp
A new vitamin that is essential for liver function and that may play
an important role in controlling diabetes was described at the
meeting
of the American and Canadian Medical Associations by one of its
discoverers, Dr. C.H. Best of Toronto, codiscoverer of insulin, the
life-saving remedy for diabetes.
The new vitamin has a real name, choline, instead of a letter, as do
most other members of the vitamin family. It is found in many foods,
but the best sources are meat, egg yolk, and yeast.
Dr. M. Hershey and Miss M.E. Huntsman, of the University of Toronto,
were responsible for many of the fundamental observations that led up
to the discovery of the significance of choline, Dr. Best stated.
Lack of this vitamin causes the serious condition of fatty liver, Dr.
Best said. When the liver becomes fatty, it fails to make sugar or
handle bile or do many of the things it should do, he explained.
The vitamin was discovered in the course of insulin investigations.
Dogs that had no pancreas, the insulin-secreting organ, failed to
live
for more than a few months, even when given insulin injections. When
they were fed minced pancreas, in addition to the insulin, they lived
for years.
However, chemical studies of the pancreas showed that in addition to
producing insulin and a digestive ferment, this organ contained
choline, and that it was the choline in the diet of minced pancreas
that kept the dogs alive after they had lost their own pancreases.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Lecithin may therefore be the method of choice for
accelerating acetylcholine synthesis"
Lancet. 1977 Jul 9;2(8028):68-9. Related Articles, Links
Lecithin consumption raises serum-free-choline levels.
Wurtman RJ, Hirsch MJ, Growdon JH.
Consumption of choline by rats sequentially increases serum-choline,
brain-choline, and brain-acetylcholine concentrations. In man
consumption of choline increases in levels in the serum and
cerebrospinal fluid; its administration is an effective way of
treating tardive dyskinesia.
We found that oral lecithin is considerably more
effective in raising human serum-choline levels than an equivalent
quantity of choline chloride. 30 minutes after ingestion of choline
chloride (2-3 g free base), serum-choline levels rose by 86% and
returned to normal values within 4 hours; 1 hour after lecithin
ingestion, these levels rose by 265% and remained significantly
raised for 12 hours.
Lecithin may therefore be the method of choice for
accelerating acetylcholine synthesis by increasing the availability
of choline, its precursor in the blood.
PMID: 69151 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=72010
New Study Indicates That People May Need More Dietary Choline Than
Previously Thought
Article Date: 30 May 2007 - 9:00 PDT
A new study published in the May issue of the American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition indicates that the current recommended Adequate
Intake (AI) for choline may, in fact, be inadequate for some people.1
Choline is an essential nutrient for normal functioning of all cells,
including those involved with liver metabolism, brain and nerve
function, memory, and the transportation of nutrients throughout the
body.
In this depletion-repletion study, 57 adult subjects (26 men, 16
premenopausal women and 15 postmenopausal women) were fed a diet
containing 550 mg of choline for 10 days, then fed less than 50 mg a
day of choline for up to 42 days.
* When deprived of the nutrient, 77 percent of men, 80 percent of
postmenopausal women and 44 percent of premenopausal women developed
fatty liver or muscle damage.
* Six men (23 percent) developed these signs while consuming the
initial 550 mg of daily choline, even though 550 mg is the current AI
for men.
* Nineteen percent of the subjects required as high as 825 mg of
daily choline to prevent or reverse the organ dysfunction associated
with
the low-choline diet, an amount significantly higher than the current
AI.
* For all participants, blood homocysteine levels increased during
choline depletion. Other studies have associated high homocysteine
levels with heart disease.
"These study results clearly indicate that some adults, notably men
and post-menopausal women, need more choline than is recommended by
the current AI," says study co-author Kerry-Ann da Costa, PhD, a
research assistant professor at the University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill. "We hope these findings will aid the Institute of
Medicine in refining the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) of this
nutrient."
This study is the most complete study of choline requirements to date
and is the first to include women. Its division of participants into
two groups - one receiving dietary supplementation of folic acid and
one not - also determined that susceptibility to choline deficiency
was not altered by folic acid supplementation.
Closing the Choline Gap
Additional research on the population demonstrated that choline
intake
is far below the current AI, a concern that intakes may be too low to
meet the needs of many individuals.
* Research conducted at Iowa State University found that only 10
percent or less of older children, men, women and pregnant women in
America get the AI of choline each day.2
* A separate study presented this month at the National Nutrient Data
Bank Conference found that choline intake decreases with age and that
adults ages 71 and older consume an average of about 264 milligrams
per day - roughly half of the AI for choline.3
Eggs, beef liver, chicken liver and wheat germ are considered
excellent sources of choline. Two eggs contain 280 milligrams of
choline, half the recommended daily supply.
"Eggs are a practical food that can help people get the choline they
need, along with several other nutrients, at just 75 calories an
egg,"
says registered dietitian Maye Musk. "Choline is actually found in
the
yolk of the egg, so people who consistently only eat egg whites may
be
missing out on a key nutrient opportunity."
Why Choline Matters
The importance of dietary choline has been well-established.
* A 2004 study in the American Journal of Epidemiology linked poor
dietary choline to adverse outcomes during pregnancy, including a
four-
fold increased risk of having a baby with a neural tube defect. 4 * A
research review published in the Annual Reviews of Nutrition suggests
that choline plays an important role in normal fetal development,
particularly during the stages that involve knowledge acquirement and
life-long memory function. 5
###
For more information, on the benefits of choline for pregnant women,
visithttp://www.pregnancyfoodguide.org/orhttp://www.enc-online.org/.
About the American Egg Board (AEB)
AEB is the U.S. egg producer>s link to the consumer in communicating
the value of 'the incredible edible egg' and is funded from a
national
legislative checkoff on all egg production from companies with
greater
than 75,000 layers in the continental United States. The board
consists of 18 members and 18 alternates from all regions of the
country who are appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture. The AEB
staff carries out the programs under the board direction. AEB is
located in Park Ridge, Ill. Visithttp://www.aeb.org/for more
information.
About the Egg Nutrition Center (ENC)
ENC was established in 1979 for the purpose of providing commercial
egg producers and processors, health promotion agencies, and
consumers
with a resource for scientifically accurate information on egg
nutrition and the role of eggs in the health and nutrition of the
American diet. The center exists under a cooperative agreement
between
the American Egg Board (AEB) and United Egg Producers (UEP). ENC is
located in Washington, DC. Visithttp://www.enc-online.org/for more
information.
1 Fischer LM, et al. Sex and menopausal status influence human
dietary
requirements for the nutrient choline. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;
85:1275-85.
2 Jensen HH, et al. Choline in the diets of the US population:
NHANES,
2003-2004, Iowa State University (presented at Experimental Biology
2007, Washington DC)
3 Keast DR, Food sources of choline in the diets of US older adults:
NHANES, 1999-2004." (presented at the 31st National Nutrient Databank
Conference, Washington DC) Food sources of choline in the diets of US
older adults: NHANES, 1999-2004.
4Shaw GM, et al. Periconceptional dietary intake of choline and
betaine and neural tube defects in offspring. Am J Epid 2004; 160(2):
102-109.
5Zeisel SH. Choline:critical role during fetal development and
dietary
requirements in adults. Annu Rev Nutr, 2006; 26:229-50.
Contact: Egg Nutrition Media Hotline
Edelman Public Relations
----------------------------------
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh
Man Is A Herbivore!http://tinyurl.com/a3cc3
DEAD PEOPLE WALKINGhttp://tinyurl.com/zk9fk[/quote] |
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Guest
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| Posted: Fri Nov 14, 2008 2:40 am Post subject: Re: Smoke Em If You Got Em |
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|
"nicotine" A toxin from the tobacco plant
"Nicotinic acid" A form of vit b3
The two are very different substances, you keep confusing them because
of the similar spelling. Foot in mouth disease, a typical mistake an
amateur makes.
De broom, he is a cleaning so others they done not get hurt. |
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ironjustice
Guest
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| Posted: Fri Nov 14, 2008 3:13 am Post subject: Re: Smoke Em If You Got Em |
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On Nov 6, 5:22 am, ironjustice <teamtan...@hotmail.com> wrote:
Nicotinamide belongs to a class of compounds called HDAC inhibitors,
which have been shown to protect the central nervous system in rodent
models of Parkinson>sand Huntington>s diseases and amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis. <<
Excess iron in neurons is involved in Parkinson>s disease
October 28, 2008
http://www.inserm.fr/en/presse/communiques/hirsch_281008.html
Limiting excess iron in dopaminergic neurons (1) may protect against
Parkinson>s disease. This is the conclusion of studies carried out by
Etienne Hirsch, CNRS research director and his team of researchers in
Inserm-UPMC/Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie Mixed Unit 67 "Neurologie
et Thérapeutique Expérimentale" and published in the journal PNAS.
They showed that affected rodents over-express DMT1, responsible for
iron uptake by neurons. This causes iron accumulation and the death of
the neurons. The researchers therefore inhibited the activity of this
transporter in order to evaluate the consequences on the disease.
Mutant mice were twice less affected by the disease than controls.
Parkinson>s disease represents the second neurodegenerative disorder
after Alzheimer>s disease in France. It is caused by the degeneration
of dopaminergic neurons in a precise area of the brain called the
substantia nigra. Affected patients therefore develop tremors and
stiffness and their movements are slowed.
The causes of the disease are still poorly understood. However,
examination of the brains of patients who died with the disease have
shown that the degenerating neurons contain a very high iron content
compared to normal levels. Iron is essential for the correct
functioning of the body, but at high concentrations it damages cell
components. "Iron accumulation causes oxidative stress which destroys
lipids and proteins in particular and causes cell death. We therefore
suspected that an iron excess may be involved in the degeneration of
neurons in affected patients," pointed out Etienne Hirsch, director of
the Inserm-Université Pierre et Marie Curie unit.
To clarify this point, the researchers tried to understand how iron
accumulated to such high levels in diseased cells. They rapidly
orientated their research towards DMT1, which is responsible for
neuronal iron uptake. The first stage of their work consisted in
chemically inducing Parkinson>s disease in mice in order to observe
the possible consequences on the expression of these transporters.
They noted that their numbers doubled in affected mice in only one to
two days after the injection. In parallel, there was a very large
increase in the iron concentration of nerve cells, causing a
predictable oxidative stress followed by neuronal death after five
days.
After obtaining this result, the researchers wanted to observe the
effect caused by inhibition of this transporter in rodents. They
therefore studied mice in which the activity of DMT1 was greatly
impaired and subjected these rodents to a toxin causing Parkinson>s
disease. These rodents resisted the disease much better than control
mice. They were two times less affected, suggesting that the damage to
the transporter protected them from the effect of the toxin. "These
results are quite conclusive. We have shown that by inhibiting the
activity of DMT1, we protected rodents from the disease," concluded
Etienne Hirsch.
Footnotes:
(1) Dopaminergic neurons synthetize dopamine, a brain
neurotransmitter. Researchers have shown that there is a relation
between dopamine deficiency and neurological disorders surh as
Parkinson>s disease.
------------
Source
Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) contributes to neurodegeneration
in animal models of Parkinson>s disease
Julio Salazara,b,c, Natalia Menac, Stephane Hunota,b, Annick
Prigenta,b, Daniel Alvarez-Fischera,b, Miguel Arredondoc, Charles
Duyckaertsa,b, Veronique Sazdovitcha,b, Lin Zhaod, Laura M. Garrickd,
Marco T. Nun˜ ezc, Michael D. Garrickd, Rita Raisman-Vozaria,b, and
Etienne C. Hirscha,b
PNAS, October 27 th
a Neurologie et Thérapeutique Expérimentale, Institut National de la
Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S679, 47
Boulevard de l>Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France;
b Unité Mixte de Recherche S679, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie -
Université Paris 6, Boulevard de l>Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France;
c Millennium Institute for Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology and
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las
Encinas 3370, Santiago, Chile;
d Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, State University
of New York, 140 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214.
Researcher contact
Etienne Hirsch
Inserm Unit 679
Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie "Neurologie et Thérapeutique
Expérimentale"
Phone: 01 42 16 22 02
etienne.hirsch@upmc.fr
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh
Man Is A Herbivore!
http://tinyurl.com/4rq595
DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk
[quote]Sooo .. there isn>t as much loonacy in the theory of nicotine standing
in for nicotinamide as these 'nutritionists' tell you.
People in families predisposed to alzheimers' don>t 'get' alzheimers
if they smoke .. those in the family who DON>T smoke .. DO .. get
alzheimers'.
-------
Vitamin B3 Reduces Alzheimer>s Symptoms, Lesions: Clinical Trial On
Nicotinamide Effect In Alzheimer>s Patients
ScienceDaily (Nov. 5, 2008) — An over-the-counter vitamin in high
doses prevented memory loss in mice with Alzheimer>s disease, and UC
Irvine scientists now are conducting a clinical trial to determine its
effect in humans.
Nicotinamide, a form of vitamin B3, lowered levels of a protein called
phosphorylated tau that leads to the development of tangles, one of
two brain lesions associated with Alzheimer>s disease. The vitamin
also strengthened scaffolding along which information travels in brain
cells, helping to keep neurons alive and further preventing symptoms
in mice genetically wired to develop Alzheimer>s.
"Nicotinamide has a very robust effect on neurons," said Kim Green,
UCI scientist and lead author of the study. "Nicotinamide prevents
loss of cognition in mice with Alzheimer>s disease, and the beauty of
it is we already are moving forward with a clinical trial."
The study appears online Nov. 5 in the Journal of Neuroscience.
Nicotinamide is a water-soluble vitamin sold in health food stores. It
generally is safe but can be toxic in very high doses. Clinical trials
have shown it benefits people with diabetes complications and has anti-
inflammatory properties that may help people with skin conditions.
Nicotinamide belongs to a class of compounds called HDAC inhibitors,
which have been shown to protect the central nervous system in rodent
models ofParkinson>sand Huntington>s diseases and amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis. Clinical trials are underway to learn whether HDAC
inhibitors help ALS and Huntington>s patients.
In the nicotinamide study, Green and his colleague, Frank LaFerla,
added the vitamin to drinking water fed to mice. They tested the
rodents' short-term and long-term memory over time using water-maze
and object-recognition tasks and found that treated Alzheimer>s mice
performed at the same level as normal mice, while untreated
Alzheimer>s mice experienced memory loss.
The nicotinamide, in fact, slightly enhanced cognitive abilities in
normal mice. "This suggests that not only is it good for Alzheimer>s
disease, but if normal people take it, some aspects of their memory
might improve," said LaFerla, UCI neurobiology and behavior professor.
Scientists also found that the nicotinamide-treated animals had
dramatically lower levels of the tau protein that leads to the
Alzheimer>s tangle lesion. The vitamin did not affect levels of the
protein beta amyloid, which clumps in the brain to form plaques, the
second type of Alzheimer>s lesion.
Nicotinamide, they found, led to an increase in proteins that
strengthen microtubules, the scaffolding within brain cells along
which information travels. When this scaffolding breaks down, the
brain cells can die. Neuronal death leads to dementia experienced by
Alzheimer>s patients.
"Microtubules are like highways inside cells. What we>re doing with
nicotinamide is making a wider, more stable highway," Green said. "In
Alzheimer>s disease, this highway breaks down. We are preventing that
from happening."
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!http://tinyurl.com/634q5a
Man Is A Herbivore!http://tinyurl.com/4rq595
DEAD PEOPLE WALKINGhttp://tinyurl.com/zk9fk[/quote] |
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ironjustice@aol.com
Guest
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| Posted: Sat Nov 15, 2008 2:43 pm Post subject: Re: Smoke Em If You Got Em |
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On Nov 13, 11:54 am, ironjustice <ironjust...@cashette.com> wrote:
we found that nicotine, choline, and PNU-282987 (a specific á7 nAChR
agonist)
decreased excess lung water and lung vascular permeability, <<
Do you need more choline?
Kirk McKoy / Los Angeles Times
Flintstones Complete’s maker says its choline aids healthy brain
function.
The supplement is touted as beneficial for mood, mental acuity and
heart health. But many get enough in their diets.
By Chris Woolston
November 17, 2008
From arginine to zinc, there>s a frighteningly long list of nutrients
that you can>t live without. You certainly don>t want to fall short of
choline -- a nutrient that the body uses to make cell membranes and
key compounds in the brain.
Choline is found in many foods, including eggs, beef, salmon, wheat
germ and broccoli. That>s the good news about essential nutrients:
They tend to show up regularly in foods, which helps explain how
humans managed to survive quite a while before the invention of the
multivitamin.
Read other Healthy Skeptic columnsAds by Google
1 rule to a flat stomach:
I cut down 12 lbs of stomach fat every 2 weeks by obeying this rule
www.CarlasWeightLoss.com
Don>t Pay For Any Diet
The Secret Diet Discovered By A Mom Who Lost 44lbs In 3 Months With
$10
TracysDiet.com
5 Tips for Stomach Fat
Stop making these 5 major mistakes & you>ll finally lose the belly fat
www.TruthAboutAbs.com
But not everyone is willing to take chances on diet alone. Like many
other nutrients, choline is now a commodity in the supplement market.
Touted as an aid for mood, mental sharpness and cardiovascular health,
choline supplements are sold at health food stores everywhere.
GNC sells 100 tablets of 250-milligram choline for about $7. Users are
instructed to take one or two tablets each day. You can buy 60 tablets
of 500-milligram choline from Physician Formulas for about $15.
Physician Formulas also offers choline as one of the main ingredients
(along with ginkgo and ginseng) in Mind Power Rx, a supplement that
supposedly improves alertness and focus. Ninety capsules -- each
containing 25 milligrams of choline -- costs about $30. Choline is
also showing up in multivitamins: Even Flintstones Complete now
includes 38 milligrams of choline per tablet.
The claims: According to the GNC label, its choline supplement
"supports brain, liver and cardiovascular health." The Physician
Formulas website claims that "most people who take a choline
supplement notice having more mental focus and being more alert." The
company also claims that Mind Power Rx will improve memory,
concentration and focus. The Flintstones Vitamins website says that
the choline in Flintstones Complete will "support healthy brain
function."
The bottom line: Choline is undoubtedly a vital nutrient, and anyone
who skimps on it does so at their own peril, says Dr. Steven Zeisel,
professor of nutrition and pediatrics at the University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill and the director of the UNC Clinical Nutrition
Research Center. But since many people already get plenty of choline
in their diets, the value of supplements is uncertain.
Men should get at least 550 milligrams of choline each day and women
need at least 425 milligrams a day, according to guidelines set by the
National Academy of Sciences. A single egg contains about 130
milligrams, 3 ounces of beef contains about 70 milligrams, a cup of
cooked broccoli contains about 60 milligrams, and a glass of milk
contains about 40 milligrams.
Even people who aren>t getting enough choline -- perhaps they avoid
eggs or have a very low-fat diet -- shouldn>t expect an instant pick-
me-up from supplements, Zeisel says. "I don>t think they would notice
more energy or a better mood."
But for pregnant women, the benefits of extra choline could go far
deeper than a mood lift, says Marie Caudill, an associate professor of
nutritional sciences and genomics at Cornell University in Ithaca,
N.Y. Like folic acid, choline seems to help prevent neural-tube
defects in developing fetuses, and it may also help prevent cleft
palates. There>s also intriguing evidence that choline can supercharge
developing brains. When researchers give pregnant rats extra choline,
the pups showed impressive memory skills throughout their entire
lives.
Caudill says it>s too early to say if pregnant women who get extra
choline can expect extra-smart children. Still, she says, women who
are pregnant or breast-feeding should try to get plenty of the
nutrient every day. "My first inclination would be to recommend foods
that are high in choline."
Mothers aren>t the only ones who might benefit from choline. The
nutrient might also help nourish brain cells in young children, Zeisel
says, although the amount in Flintstones Complete may be too small to
make much difference. High levels of choline in adults may help reduce
homocysteine, a compound that can increase the risk of heart disease.
A shortfall of choline can cause liver damage known as fatty liver.
(On the flip side, exceeding 3,500 milligrams daily -- the highest a
person can consume without risk -- could result in a fishy body odor
and an unsafe drop in blood pressure.)
Despite these potential benefits, Zeisel doesn>t believe that
supplements are always in order. "I would try to get my diet in good
shape first," he says. If that>s not possible, he says, choline
supplements could be a valuable addition.
Woolston is a freelance writer.
Is there a consumer product you>d like the Healthy Skeptic to examine?
E-mail the details to health@latimes.com. Read other Healthy Skeptic
columns at www.latimes.com/ skeptic.
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http://tinyurl.com/4rq595
DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
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ironjustice
Guest
|
| Posted: Sun Nov 16, 2008 4:18 am Post subject: Re: Smoke Em If You Got Em |
|
|
On Nov 15, 6:43 am, "ironjust...@aol.com" <ironjust...@aol.com> wrote:
we found that nicotine, choline, and PNU-282987 (a specific á7 nAChR
agonist) decreased excess lung water and lung vascular permeability,
<<
"It can be seen that participants who ate higher choline amounts had,
on average, 22% lower CRP levels, 26% lower interleukin-6 levels, and
6% lower tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels, compared with those who
ate least choline. Similarly, higher betaine consumption was
associated with 10% less homocysteine, 19% less CRP, and 12% less
tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the blood."
Drilling Down into the Mediterranean Diet
Summarized by Robert W. Griffith, MD
2/29/2008
Summary
A study of healthy adults in Greece shows that their consumption of
two substances, choline and betaine, are linked to the level of
inflammatory markers (e.g. CRP) in the blood; a higher intake is
associated with lower inflammatory markers, which themselves are
possible precursors of cardiovascular disease.
Introduction
Since the realization that people living in Mediterranean countries
had a decreased risk of coronary artery disease compared with northern
Europeans and North Americans, the search has been on for the factor
or factors responsible. Not surprisingly, nutritional factors have
been in the forefront of the search. Recently, the antioxidant
resveratrol has become a favorite candidate for a protective effect -
news that>s been welcomed by wine lovers, although the amounts of the
compound in wine are very, very small.
However, other candidates are emerging for the role of leading factor
in the Mediterranean diet. Greek researchers have just published a
study of dietary choline and betaine intake in the American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition. These substances have been reported to affect the
homocysteine level, itself a factor for cardiovascular disease. As
they are both plentiful in the Mediterranean diet, the researchers
decided to examine the links between their intake and the levels of
low-grade inflammation in the body.
What was done
The ATTICA study was done on healthy adults between 18 and 89 years
old living in the province of Attica, Greece. Over 3,000 inhabitants
agreed to participate. They were all interviewed to ascertain their
health status, and were given a semi-quantitative food-frequency
questionnaire, using pictures to represent different portion sizes.
Daily choline and betaine intakes were calculated from food-
composition tables.
Fasting blood samples were taken and analyzed for the following
inflammatory markers: C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6,
homocysteine, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In addition, fasting
glucose and total cholesterol was determined.
The socio-economic data collected included average income, education
levels, smoking status, and physical activity level. Height, weight,
and blood pressure were recorded, and the body mass index (BMI)
calculated.
For the purpose of analysis, the participants were allocated to three
different categories (or tertiles) according to their daily choline
intake: less than 250 mg, 250-310 mg, and more than 310 mg daily.
Similar tertiles were created for betaine: less than 260 mg, 260-350
mg, and more than 350 mg daily.
What the results showed
There were roughly 1,500 men and 1,500 women making up a total
collective of 3,000 people. Their average age was 40; the average BMI
was 26 (i.e. slightly overweight, not obese). The major sources of
choline in their diets were: beef, potatoes, whole milk, fish,
legumes, broccoli, eggs, and poultry. For betaine, the major sources
were: spinach, 'vegetable pie', pasta, white bread, pizza, whole-wheat
bread, and seafood.
The participants with higher choline levels ate more servings of
fruit, vegetables, legumes, and red meat. Those with higher betaine
levels were older, more active, and, as for choline, ate more fruit,
vegetables, legumes and red meat. Gender, alcohol use, BMI,
socioeconomic status, and the presence of diabetes or high blood
pressure were not different with different choline or betaine
intakes.
The average inflammatory markers levels found in the different
tertiles for choline and betaine are given in the tables below:
Markers Choline Tertiles
Low Mid High
Homocysteine (micromol/L) 11.8 11.5 10.9
CRP (mg/L) 2.30 1.82 1.69*
Interleukin-6 (mg/dL) 1.68 1.40 1.11*
Tumor necrosis factor-a (mg/dL) 6.37 6.35 5.99*
Markers Choline Tertiles
Low Mid High
Homocysteine (micromol/L) 12.7 11.5 10.2*
CRP (mg/L) 2.13 1.92 1.61
Interleukin-6 (mg/dL) 1.61 1.44 1.42
Tumor necrosis factor-a (mg/dL) 6.80 6.00 5.99*
* = significant difference between low and high values
It can be seen that participants who ate higher choline amounts had,
on average, 22% lower CRP levels, 26% lower interleukin-6 levels, and
6% lower tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels, compared with those who
ate least choline. Similarly, higher betaine consumption was
associated with 10% less homocysteine, 19% less CRP, and 12% less
tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the blood.
When subgroups were formed that combined the choline and betaine
intakes, it was found that a high intake of both choline and betaine
was linked to lower concentrations of all the investigated
inflammatory markers.
What these findings may mean
This study shows an association between choline and betaine intakes
and the inflammation process in healthy Greek adults, who presumably
consumed a Mediterranean-type diet. The authors of the study point out
that, whatever the mechanism underlying the findings, the magnitude of
the differences between the inflammatory markers in the low and high
tertiles is similar to those found in subjects following the
Mediterranean diet.
These inflammatory markers are believed to be important factors in the
initiation of cardiovascular disease. It>s possible that they
represent the path whereby the Mediterranean diet is successful in
warding off such disease. The next step (apart from confirming these
results) will be to see if there are beneficial clinical effects of
prolonged consumption of choline and betaine supplements.
In the USA, the average choline intake is similar to that in Greece.
But the average betaine intake in Greece is substantially higher than
that in the USA. Betaine is usually found in plants, and the native
Greeks tend to eat more vegetables and fruits than Americans. Maybe
this is enough to nudge people towards a more vegetarian diet . . .
Source
Detopoulou P, Panagiotakos DB, Antonopoulou S, et al. Dietary choline
and betaine intakes in relation to concentrations of inflammatory
markers in healthy adults: the ATTICA study.
Copyright © 2008 HealthandAge.com. All rights reserved.
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
http://tinyurl.com/634q5a
Man Is A Herbivore!
http://tinyurl.com/4rq595
DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk
[quote]
Do you need more choline?
Kirk McKoy / Los Angeles Times
Flintstones Complete’s maker says its choline aids healthy brain
function.
The supplement is touted as beneficial for mood, mental acuity and
heart health. But many get enough in their diets.
By Chris Woolston
November 17, 2008
From arginine to zinc, there>s a frighteningly long list of nutrients
that you can>t live without. You certainly don>t want to fall short of
choline -- a nutrient that the body uses to make cell membranes and
key compounds in the brain.
Choline is found in many foods, including eggs, beef, salmon, wheat
germ and broccoli. That>s the good news about essential nutrients:
They tend to show up regularly in foods, which helps explain how
humans managed to survive quite a while before the invention of the
multivitamin.
Read other Healthy Skeptic columnsAds by Google
1 rule to a flat stomach:
I cut down 12 lbs of stomach fat every 2 weeks by obeying this rule
www.CarlasWeightLoss.com
Don>t Pay For Any Diet
The Secret Diet Discovered By A Mom Who Lost 44lbs In 3 Months With
$10
TracysDiet.com
5 Tips for Stomach Fat
Stop making these 5 major mistakes & you>ll finally lose the belly fat
www.TruthAboutAbs.com
But not everyone is willing to take chances on diet alone. Like many
other nutrients, choline is now a commodity in the supplement market.
Touted as an aid for mood, mental sharpness and cardiovascular health,
choline supplements are sold at health food stores everywhere.
GNC sells 100 tablets of 250-milligram choline for about $7. Users are
instructed to take one or two tablets each day. You can buy 60 tablets
of 500-milligram choline from Physician Formulas for about $15.
Physician Formulas also offers choline as one of the main ingredients
(along with ginkgo and ginseng) in Mind Power Rx, a supplement that
supposedly improves alertness and focus. Ninety capsules -- each
containing 25 milligrams of choline -- costs about $30. Choline is
also showing up in multivitamins: Even Flintstones Complete now
includes 38 milligrams of choline per tablet.
The claims: According to the GNC label, its choline supplement
"supports brain, liver and cardiovascular health." The Physician
Formulas website claims that "most people who take a choline
supplement notice having more mental focus and being more alert." The
company also claims that Mind Power Rx will improve memory,
concentration and focus. The Flintstones Vitamins website says that
the choline in Flintstones Complete will "support healthy brain
function."
The bottom line: Choline is undoubtedly a vital nutrient, and anyone
who skimps on it does so at their own peril, says Dr. Steven Zeisel,
professor of nutrition and pediatrics at the University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill and the director of the UNC Clinical Nutrition
Research Center. But since many people already get plenty of choline
in their diets, the value of supplements is uncertain.
Men should get at least 550 milligrams of choline each day and women
need at least 425 milligrams a day, according to guidelines set by the
National Academy of Sciences. A single egg contains about 130
milligrams, 3 ounces of beef contains about 70 milligrams, a cup of
cooked broccoli contains about 60 milligrams, and a glass of milk
contains about 40 milligrams.
Even people who aren>t getting enough choline -- perhaps they avoid
eggs or have a very low-fat diet -- shouldn>t expect an instant pick-
me-up from supplements, Zeisel says. "I don>t think they would notice
more energy or a better mood."
But for pregnant women, the benefits of extra choline could go far
deeper than a mood lift, says Marie Caudill, an associate professor of
nutritional sciences and genomics at Cornell University in Ithaca,
N.Y. Like folic acid, choline seems to help prevent neural-tube
defects in developing fetuses, and it may also help prevent cleft
palates. There>s also intriguing evidence that choline can supercharge
developing brains. When researchers give pregnant rats extra choline,
the pups showed impressive memory skills throughout their entire
lives.
Caudill says it>s too early to say if pregnant women who get extra
choline can expect extra-smart children. Still, she says, women who
are pregnant or breast-feeding should try to get plenty of the
nutrient every day. "My first inclination would be to recommend foods
that are high in choline."
Mothers aren>t the only ones who might benefit from choline. The
nutrient might also help nourish brain cells in young children, Zeisel
says, although the amount in Flintstones Complete may be too small to
make much difference. High levels of choline in adults may help reduce
homocysteine, a compound that can increase the risk of heart disease.
A shortfall of choline can cause liver damage known as fatty liver.
(On the flip side, exceeding 3,500 milligrams daily -- the highest a
person can consume without risk -- could result in a fishy body odor
and an unsafe drop in blood pressure.)
Despite these potential benefits, Zeisel doesn>t believe that
supplements are always in order. "I would try to get my diet in good
shape first," he says. If that>s not possible, he says, choline
supplements could be a valuable addition.
Woolston is a freelance writer.
Is there a consumer product you>d like the Healthy Skeptic to examine?
E-mail the details to hea...@latimes.com. Read other Healthy Skeptic
columns atwww.latimes.com/skeptic.
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!http://tinyurl.com/634q5a
Man Is A Herbivore!http://tinyurl.com/4rq595
DEAD PEOPLE WALKINGhttp://tinyurl.com/zk9fk[/quote] |
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ironjustice
Guest
|
| Posted: Mon Nov 17, 2008 2:46 pm Post subject: Re: Smoke Em If You Got Em |
|
|
On Nov 7, 7:27 am, ironjustice <ironjust...@cashette.com> wrote:
"Nicotinamide lowered levels of phosphorylated tau" <<
"The lower number of tangles in the super aged appears to be the
critical difference in maintaining memory skills"
"Tangles consist of a protein called tau "
'Super' Aged Brains Reveal First Secrets Of Sharp Memory In Old Age
ScienceDaily (Nov. 17, 2008) — Maybe you have an 85-year-old
grandfather who still whips through the newspaper crossword puzzle
every morning or a 94-year-old aunt who never forgets a name or a
face. They don>t seem to suffer the ravages of memory that beset most
people as they age.
Researchers at Northwestern University>s Feinberg School of Medicine
wondered if the brains of the elderly with still laser sharp memory --
called "super aged" -- were somehow different than everyone else>s.
So, instead of the usual approach in which scientists explore what
goes wrong in a brain when older people lose their memory, they
investigated what goes right in an aging brain that stays nimble.
Now they have a preliminary answer. Scientists examined the brains of
five deceased people considered super aged because of their high
performance on memory tests when they were more than 80 years old and
compared them to the brains of elderly, non-demented individuals.
Researchers found the super aged brains had many fewer fiber-like
tangles than the brains of those who had aged normally. The tangles
consist of a protein called tau that accumulates inside brain cells
and is thought to eventually kill the cells. Tangles are found in
moderate numbers in the brains of elderly and increase substantially
in the brains of Alzheimer>s disease patients.
"This new finding in super aged brains is very exciting," said Changiz
Geula, principal investigator of the study and a research professor of
neurology at the Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer>s Disease Center at
Northwestern>s Feinberg School. "It was always assumed that the
accumulation of these tangles is a progressive phenomenon through the
aging process. But we are seeing that some individuals are immune to
tangle formation and that the presence of these tangles seems to
influence cognitive performance." Individuals who have few tangles
perform at superior levels, while those who have more tangles appear
to be normal for their age, Geula noted.
The number of plaques in the brains of the super aged was similar to
that in the brains of the normally aging group. The plaque is an
aggregation of protein called amyloid that becomes deposited outside
the brain cell and disrupts communication between neurons. Like
tangles, plaques also are found in modest numbers in the brains of
aged individuals and show a dramatic increase in number in Alzheimer>s
disease.
Geula said the lower number of tangles in the super aged appears to be
the critical difference in maintaining memory skills.
Some of the super aged in the study performed memory tasks at the
level of people who were about 50 years old. For example, after being
told a story, they were able to remember it immediately after and
still accurately recall its details 30 minutes later. They also
remembered a list of 15 words and recalled these words equally well
when tested after 30 minutes.
Geula said new research will focus on what makes cells in super aged
brains more resistant to tangle formation. "We want to see what
protects the brains of these individuals against the ravages that
cause memory loss," he said. " Understanding the specific genetic and
molecular characteristics of the brains that makes them resistant,
someday may lead to the ability to protect average brains from memory
loss. "
Geula>s research is part of a larger super aging study at
Northwestern>s Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer>s Disease Center
(CNADC). The study>s goal is to identify high functioning individuals
over 80 and investigate what factors are important to maintain this
ability into old age. A number of super aged individuals have been
identified and are being followed up annually with tests of cognitive
abilities. Recruitment continues for the study.
Geula will present his findings November 16, at the Society for
Neuroscience annual meeting in Washington, D.C.
Other Feinberg School collaborators on the study are Marsel Mesulam,
M.D., CNADC director and the Ruth and Evelyn Dunbar Professor of
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Sandra Weintraub, professor of
psychiatry and behavioral sciences; Emily Rogalski, research assistant
professor of medicine.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adapted from materials provided by Northwestern University, via
EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
------------
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Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
http://tinyurl.com/634q5a
Man Is A Herbivore!
http://tinyurl.com/4rq595
DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk
[quote]
"Neither measurement can discriminate entirely"
"It is concluded that neither measurement of phospho-tau,taunor
A1-42 in CSF can discriminate entirely between dementia and
cognitively non-disturbed controls or between dementia of different
aetiologies"
Cerebrospinal Fluid Phospho-Tau, TotalTauand -Amyloid1-42 in the
Differentiation between Alzheimer>s Disease and Vascular Dementia
Katarina Näggaa, Johan Gottfriesb, Kaj Blennowc,d, Jan Marcussona
aDepartment of Geriatric Medicine, Linköping University Hospital,
Linköping,
bMedicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal,
cDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Experimental
Neuroscience, University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital,
Mölndal, and
dThe Medical Research Council, Sweden
Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2002;14:183-190 (DOI: 10.1159/000066023)
Abstract
The two most frequently examined biomarkers in the diagnosis of
dementia are cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)tauand -amyloid1-42 (A1-42).
An assay fortauphosphorylated at threonine 181 (phospho-tau) has
recently been developed.
We studied these three markers in patients with possible Alzheimer>s
disease (AD; n = 23), probable AD (n = 50), AD with relevant
cerebrovascular disease (AD with CVD; n = 14), possible vascular
dementia (VaD; n = 39), probable VaD (n = 36), cognitively impaired (n
= 13) and 27 neurologically healthy controls.
Compared with the controls,taulevels were significantly increased in
possible AD, probable AD, AD with CVD and probable VaD. A1-42 was
decreased in all dementia groups compared with the controls.
In contrast, phospho-taulevels were increased only in probable AD
compared with the controls.
From the results of the present study, it is concluded that neither
measurement of phospho-tau,taunor A1-42 in CSF can discriminate
entirely between dementia and cognitively non-disturbed controls or
between dementia of different aetiologies in the clinical diagnostic
procedure.
Copyright © 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author Contacts
Katarina Nägga, MD
Department of Geriatric Medicine
Linköping University Hospital
S-581 85 Linköping (Sweden)
Tel. +46 13 224093, Fax +46 13 227389, E-Mail Katarina.Na...@lio.se
Vol. 14, No. 4, 2002
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!http://tinyurl.com/634q5a
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DEAD PEOPLE WALKINGhttp://tinyurl.com/zk9fk[/quote] |
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ironjustice@aol.com
Guest
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| Posted: Wed Nov 19, 2008 4:32 am Post subject: Re: Smoke Em If You Got Em |
|
|
On Nov 13, 9:50 am, "ironjust...@aol.com" <ironjust...@aol.com>
wrote:the choline in the diet of minced pancreas that kept the dogs
alive after they had lost their own pancreases <<
"Choline, a precursor to acetylcholine, increases serum glucose and
insulin levels"
Intraperitoneal administration of choline increases serum glucose in
rat: involvement of the sympathoadrenal system.
Horm Metab Res. 2002 Jun ;34 (6):341-7 12173076 (P,S,G,E,B)
Y O Ilcol, M S Gurun, Y Taga, I H Ulus
Department of Biochemistry Marmara University Medical School,
Istanbul, Turkey.
Intraperitoneal injection of choline (40, 80 or 120 mg/kg) produced a
dose-dependent increase in serum glucose and choline levels in rats.
The increases in serum glucose and choline were associated with an
increase of serum insulin as well as plasma levels of epinephrine and
norepinephrine.
The increases in serum glucose and plasma catecholamine concentrations
induced by choline (120 mg/kg) were blocked by pretreatment with the
ganglionic nicotinic receptor antagonist hexamethonium (15 mg/kg), but
were not affected by pretreatment with atropine (5 mg/kg).
The choline-induced rise in serum insulin was blocked by pretreatment
with atropine and with hexamethonium each.
The increase in serum glucose evoked by choline (120 mg/kg) was
blocked by alpha-adrenoceptor blockade and bilateral adrenalectomy
each.
Blockade of beta-adrenoceptor by propranolol or chemical sympathectomy
by 6-hydroxydopamine failed to alter the hyperglycemic response to
choline.
These results show that choline, a precursor of the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine, increases serum glucose and insulin levels.
The effect of choline on serum insulin is mediated by both muscarinic
and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, whereas the effect of choline
on serum glucose is mediated solely by nicotinic receptors.
The stimulation of adrenal medullary catecholamine release and
subsequent activation of alpha-adrenoceptors apparently mediates the
hyperglycemic effect of choline.
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Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
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Man Is A Herbivore!
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DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk
[quote]On Nov 8, 5:50 pm, ironjustice <ironjust...@cashette.com> wrote: Then,
using an acid-induced acute lung injury mouse model,
we found that nicotine,choline, and PNU-282987
(a specific á7 nAChR agonist) decreased excess lung water
and lung vascular permeability,
It seems to me .. the words nicot - ine .. and chol - ine .. are
coming up alot .. and they both seem to be capable of doing the same
thing .. increasing .. bliss ..
Now .. would could the decrease of CONSUMPTION / destruction OF ..
chol - ine BE the .. 'need' FOR .. nicot - ine .. and the like .. ? ..
IE: gambling .. sex addiction .. etc .. / DOPE - amine .. ?
http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20050625/timeline.asp
A new vitamin that is essential for liver function and that may play
an important role in controlling diabetes was described at the
meeting
of the American and Canadian Medical Associations by one of its
discoverers, Dr. C.H. Best of Toronto, codiscoverer of insulin, the
life-saving remedy for diabetes.
The new vitamin has a real name,choline, instead of a letter, as do
most other members of the vitamin family. It is found in many foods,
but the best sources are meat, egg yolk, and yeast.
Dr. M. Hershey and Miss M.E. Huntsman, of the University of Toronto,
were responsible for many of the fundamental observations that led up
to the discovery of the significance ofcholine, Dr. Best stated.
Lack of this vitamin causes the serious condition of fatty liver, Dr.
Best said. When the liver becomes fatty, it fails to make sugar or
handle bile or do many of the things it should do, he explained.
The vitamin was discovered in the course of insulin investigations.
Dogs that had nopancreas, the insulin-secreting organ, failed to
live
for more than a few months, even when given insulin injections. When
they were fed mincedpancreas, in addition to the insulin, they lived
for years.
However, chemical studies of thepancreasshowed that in addition to
producing insulin and a digestive ferment, this organ containedcholine, and that it was thecholinein the diet of mincedpancreas
that kept the dogs alive after they had lost their own pancreases.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Lecithin may therefore be the method of choice for
accelerating acetylcholine synthesis"
Lancet. 1977 Jul 9;2(8028):68-9. Related Articles, Links
Lecithin consumption raises serum-free-cholinelevels.
Wurtman RJ, Hirsch MJ, Growdon JH.
Consumption ofcholineby rats sequentially increases serum-choline,
brain-choline, and brain-acetylcholine concentrations. In man
consumption ofcholineincreases in levels in the serum and
cerebrospinal fluid; its administration is an effective way of
treating tardive dyskinesia.
We found that oral lecithin is considerably more
effective in raising human serum-cholinelevels than an equivalent
quantity ofcholinechloride. 30 minutes after ingestion ofcholine
chloride (2-3 g free base), serum-cholinelevels rose by 86% and
returned to normal values within 4 hours; 1 hour after lecithin
ingestion, these levels rose by 265% and remained significantly
raised for 12 hours.
Lecithin may therefore be the method of choice for
accelerating acetylcholine synthesis by increasing the availability
ofcholine, its precursor in the blood.
PMID: 69151 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=72010
New Study Indicates That People May Need More DietaryCholineThan
Previously Thought
Article Date: 30 May 2007 - 9:00 PDT
A new study published in the May issue of the American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition indicates that the current recommended Adequate
Intake (AI) forcholinemay, in fact, be inadequate for some people.1Cholineis an essential nutrient for normal functioning of all cells,
including those involved with liver metabolism, brain and nerve
function, memory, and the transportation of nutrients throughout the
body.
In this depletion-repletion study, 57 adult subjects (26 men, 16
premenopausal women and 15 postmenopausal women) were fed a diet
containing 550 mg ofcholinefor 10 days, then fed less than 50 mg a
day ofcholinefor up to 42 days.
* When deprived of the nutrient, 77 percent of men, 80 percent of
postmenopausal women and 44 percent of premenopausal women developed
fatty liver or muscle damage.
* Six men (23 percent) developed these signs while consuming the
initial 550 mg of dailycholine, even though 550 mg is the current AI
for men.
* Nineteen percent of the subjects required as high as 825 mg of
dailycholineto prevent or reverse the organ dysfunction associated
with
the low-cholinediet, an amount significantly higher than the current
AI.
* For all participants, blood homocysteine levels increased duringcholinedepletion. Other studies have associated high homocysteine
levels with heart disease.
"These study results clearly indicate that some adults, notably men
and post-menopausal women, need morecholinethan is recommended by
the current AI," says study co-author Kerry-Ann da Costa, PhD, a
research assistant professor at the University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill. "We hope these findings will aid the Institute of
Medicine in refining the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) of this
nutrient."
This study is the most complete study ofcholinerequirements to date
and is the first to include women. Its division of participants into
two groups - one receiving dietary supplementation of folic acid and
one not - also determined that susceptibility tocholinedeficiency
was not altered by folic acid supplementation.
Closing theCholineGap
Additional research on the population demonstrated thatcholine
intake
is far below the current AI, a concern that intakes may be too low to
meet the needs of many individuals.
* Research conducted at Iowa State University found that only 10
percent or less of older children, men, women and pregnant women in
America get the AI ofcholineeach day.2
* A separate study presented this month at the National Nutrient Data
Bank Conference found thatcholineintake decreases with age and that
adults ages 71 and older consume an average of about 264 milligrams
per day - roughly half of the AI forcholine.3
Eggs, beef liver, chicken liver and wheat germ are considered
excellent sources ofcholine. Two eggs contain 280 milligrams ofcholine, half the recommended daily supply.
"Eggs are a practical food that can help people get thecholinethey
need, along with several other nutrients, at just 75 calories an
egg,"
says registered dietitian Maye Musk. "Cholineis actually found in
the
yolk of the egg, so people who consistently only eat egg whites may
be
missing out on a key nutrient opportunity."
WhyCholineMatters
The importance of dietarycholinehas been well-established.
* A 2004 study in the American Journal of Epidemiology linked poor
dietarycholineto adverse outcomes during pregnancy, including a
four-
fold increased risk of having a baby with a neural tube defect. 4 * A
research review published in the Annual Reviews of Nutrition suggests
thatcholineplays an important role in normal fetal development,
particularly during the stages that involve knowledge acquirement and
life-long memory function. 5
###
For more information, on the benefits ofcholinefor pregnant women,
visithttp://www.pregnancyfoodguide.org/orhttp://www.enc-online.org/.
About the American Egg Board (AEB)
AEB is the U.S. egg producer>s link to the consumer in communicating
the value of 'the incredible edible egg' and is funded from a
national
legislative checkoff on all egg production from companies with
greater
than 75,000 layers in the continental United States. The board
consists of 18 members and 18 alternates from all regions of the
country who are appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture. The AEB
staff carries out the programs under the board direction. AEB is
located in Park Ridge, Ill. Visithttp://www.aeb.org/for more
information.
About the Egg Nutrition Center (ENC)
ENC was established in 1979 for the purpose of providing commercial
egg producers and processors, health promotion agencies, and
consumers
with a resource for scientifically accurate information on egg
nutrition and the role of eggs in the health and nutrition of the
American diet. The center exists under a cooperative agreement
between
the American Egg Board (AEB) and United Egg Producers (UEP). ENC is
located in Washington, DC. Visithttp://www.enc-online.org/for more
information.
1 Fischer LM, et al. Sex and menopausal status influence human
dietary
requirements for the nutrientcholine. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;
85:1275-85.
2 Jensen HH, et al.Cholinein the diets of the US population:
NHANES,
2003-2004, Iowa State University (presented at Experimental Biology
2007, Washington DC)
3 Keast DR, Food sources ofcholinein the diets of US older adults:
NHANES, 1999-2004." (presented at the 31st National Nutrient Databank
Conference, Washington DC) Food sources ofcholinein the diets of US
older adults: NHANES, 1999-2004.
4Shaw GM, et al. Periconceptional dietary intake ofcholineand
betaine and neural tube defects in offspring. Am J Epid 2004; 160(2):
102-109.
5Zeisel SH.Choline:critical role during fetal development and
dietary
requirements in adults. Annu Rev Nutr, 2006; 26:229-50.
Contact: Egg Nutrition Media Hotline
Edelman Public Relations
----------------------------------
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh
Man Is A Herbivore!http://tinyurl.com/a3cc3
DEAD PEOPLE WALKINGhttp://tinyurl.com/zk9fk[/quote] |
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ironjustice@aol.com
Guest
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| Posted: Thu Nov 20, 2008 8:24 pm Post subject: Re: Smoke Em If You Got Em |
|
|
On Nov 6, 5:22 am, ironjustice <teamtan...@hotmail.com> wrote:
Sooo .. there isn>t as much loonacy in the theory of nicotine
standing
in for nicotinamide as these 'nutritionists' tell you. <<
http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/features/print/2349/nicotine-can-it-save-your-brain
Nicotine: can it save your brain?
Issue 23 of Cosmos, October 2008
by Becky McCall
Is it a scourge on society or a blessing in disguise? Public enemy
number one may soon be a treatment for cognitive diseases.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IT>S RESTLESS NIGHT number three in a row. Four hours of counting the
cracks in the ceiling, then an hour>s sleep only to wake herself again
with uncontrollable thrashing around. Most people>s muscles are
paralysed during dreams, but Sarah, who suffers from Parkinson>s
disease, physically acts hers out.
During the day she>s exhausted and depressed about losing control of
her muscles - and her life. But there is one consoling factor: if
Sarah hadn>t smoked before her diagnosis, it>s likely her disease
would be far worse by now.
A growing body of evidence suggests that smoking helps delay the
progression of Parkinson>s disease, and potentially other cognitive
diseases as well. These are statistics that rarely see the light of
day; they are hidden from the public by layers of anti-smoking
campaigns and health warnings.
More than half of Parkinson>s patients smoke, as do half of
adolescents with severe Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD). The reasons why they smoke are uncertain, but research is
finding some persuasive clues.
Marcus Munafo is a researcher who specialises in nicotine addiction at
the University of Bristol in the southwest of England. He points to
reams of irrefutable evidence against smoking a deadly cocktail of
toxins (see "Why nicotine is bad for you", p62 and "Why smoking is bad
for you", p63).
"Pure nicotine is a potentially lethal poison," he says, "and as a
constituent of tobacco smoke contributes to the increased risk of
heart disease associated with smoking. In particular, it is known to
raise blood pressure."
But, he adds, it>s important to remember that risk is relative and
nicotine per se is not as damaging as it is often perceived to be.
In fact, cigarettes contain almost 3,000 other chemicals that are
considered more dangerous than nicotine. "People equate smoking with
nicotine, saying all nicotine is bad for you. However, most of the
harm from smoking comes from other chemicals."
Munafo admits that the proposed use of nicotine as therapy raises
ethical issues, but points out that the chemical>s effects depend on
how it is delivered to the body.
"The addiction potential of pharmaceutical nicotine products such as
patches and gum is quite low, certainly much lower than cigarettes,"
he says. "With appropriate safeguards in place, there are no reasons
to think that nicotine products could not be used safely for
therapeutic purposes beyond their current approved use for smoking
cessation."
STUDIES OF PEOPLE with Alzheimer>s, Parkinson>s, schizophrenia and
ADHD are raising concerns that by dismissing nicotine alongside
smoking, we risk throwing out the baby with the bathwater.
Some scientists go so far as to say that for many patients suffering
from cognitive diseases, it>s more important to avoid the severe
consequences of advanced disease than to fear nicotine dependence.
Most findings have been sourced from studies that record disease
outcomes in smokers and non-smokers, because this is the most
prevalent use of nicotine in our society.
For example, a review of epidemiological studies led by researchers
from the University of Washington, in Seattle, USA, and published in
the journal Behavioural Brain Research in 2000, showed that non-
smokers are twice as likely to develop Parkinson>s disease as
smokers.
Another review of 44 previous studies, published in the U.S. journal
Annals of Neurology in 2002, found that smokers have a 60 per cent
lower risk of developing the disease.
At the 2008 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies conference
in Geneva, Switzerland, behavioural pharmacologist Ian Stolerman of
King>s College London reported that, in rats, nicotine improves
concentration and quickens responses.
When allowed to concentrate fully, the animals managed to complete a
task accurately 80 per cent of the time, but this figure dropped to 55
per cent when they were distracted by noise and flashing lights.
When nicotine was given to distracted rats, however, their accuracy
rose to 85 per cent. Stolerman believes that - given time to translate
these findings into a clinical therapy - nicotine may help give
dementia patients up to six extra months of independent living.
Clinical findings relating to nicotine use and Alzheimer>s disease
vary. But according to a review led by Marina Picciotto of Yale
University in New Haven, Connecticut, and published in the U.S.
journal Frontiers in Bioscience in 2008, the beneficial effects of
nicotine seem to be outweighed by an increase in strokes linked to
smoking.
However, abnormal proteins found at high levels between nerve cells in
the brains of Alzheimer>s sufferers (known as amyloid-¦Â and amyloid
plaques) are reduced in both Alzheimer>s patients and in other elderly
patients who smoke.
Taken together, these studies indicate that some component of
cigarette smoke may protect against diseases involving nerve
degeneration. In the absence of other effective therapies for these
debilitating diseases, scientists are taking nicotine seriously.
Picciotto, a psychiatric scientist at Yale>s School of Medicine, has
been investigating the role of nicotine in cognitive diseases at a
biochemical and at a molecular level.
"In animal studies, if you get the dose and the regimen right, then
nicotine can protect against nearly any cognitive disease model,
whether stroke, Alzheimer>s or Parkinson>s," she says. "Nicotine has
also been shown to encourage dopamine release from neurones that would
be lost in Parkinson>s disease."
Dopamine, a neurotransmitter or chemical messenger in the brain, is
released after nicotine activates nicotinic receptors in the midbrain.
These receptors in turn activate regions responsible for movement and
motivation, as well as addiction behaviour.
"In patients with Parkinson>s disease, neurones are lost in these two
regions. So stimulation of any remaining neurones with nicotine could
help prevent further decline," explains Picciotto.
If nicotine does preserve neurones, then diagnosing and treating
patients before neurones are lost is vital; once gone, they cannot be
replaced. Nicotine could potentially slow progression of Parkinson>s
disease but is unlikely to reverse it.
Picciotto believes that a clinical study to establish the extent of
nicotine>s protective effect in the early stages of the disease is
essential.
At this stage, however, it>s almost impossible to predict who will
develop Parkinson>s, and by the time it>s diagnosed, 60 to 70 per cent
of neurones have already been lost and cannot be regained.
THE POWER OF NICOTINE in the human nervous system has been known since
the early 20th century. Nicotine mimics a neurotransmitter called
acetylcholine, and is a chemical signal sent between nerve cells.
The receptor in the nerve cell>s surface, called the nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor, can be open, closed or insensitive. Both
nicotine and acetylcholine affect the entire body, including the
brain, heart and other muscles.
It>s the receptors in the brain (see graphic, p64) attracting the
attention of scientists. These receptors are involved in emotion,
concentration and feelings of pleasure due to their high concentration
in the limbic region of the brain, which is associated with emotion
and reward.
But the crux of the matter is this: if nicotine is to be used
therapeutically, then the properties that confer beneficial effects
need to be separated from the addictive ones.
Indeed, all drugs approved for use in humans strive to maximise
efficacy and minimise side effects. It>s just that in this case, the
side effects are well known and clearly associated with death and
disease.
The question then arises: should nicotine be sold in its current form,
such as a patch, lozenge or spray, or as a specialised pharmaceutical
product?
It>s likely that pharmaceutical products that work on the brain>s
nicotinic receptors will be available via prescription in the next few
years; a handful of companie | |
