ironjustice
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 Posted: Thu Nov 27, 2008 1:22 am Post subject: Re: Predisposed To Aberrancy |
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On Nov 18, 10:07 pm, "ironjust...@aol.com" <ironjust...@aol.com>
wrote:"Striatal release of acetylcholine was stimulated by atropine
infusion" <<
Nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors coexist on GABAergic
nerve endings in the mouse striatum and interact in modulating GABA
release.
Grilli M, Zappettini S, Raiteri L, Marchi M
Neuropharmacology 2008 Nov 8.
Muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChRs) and nicotinic cholinergic
receptors (nAChRs) regulating GABA release from striatal nerve endings
were studied by monitoring release of previously accumulated [(3)H]
GABA or endogenous GABA from superfused mouse striatal synaptosomes.
Oxotremorine inhibited the release of [(3)H]GABA elicited by
depolarization with 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), an effect antagonized by
atropine.
Agonists at nAChRs, including the alpha(4)beta(2)( *) subunit-
selective RJR2403, provoked the release of [(3)H]GABA as well as of
the endogenous transmitter; these effects also were prevented by
oxotremorine and pilocarpine suggesting coexpression of functional
mAChRs and alpha(4)beta(2)( *) nAChRs on GABAergic nerve endings.
The inhibitory effects of oxotremorine on the release of [(3)H]GABA
evoked by 4-AP or by RJR2403 were: (i) prevented by the M(2)/M(4)
mAChR antagonist himbacine; (ii) insensitive to the M2 antagonist
AFDX116; (iii) blocked by the selective M(4) mAChR antagonists MT3,
thus indicating the involvement of receptors of the M(4) subtype.
In conclusion, in the corpus striatum, acetylcholine released from
cholinergic interneurons can activate alpha(4)beta(2)( *) nAChRs
mediating release of GABA; this evoked release can be negatively
modulated by M(4) mAChRs coexpressed on the same GABAergic terminals.
More from this journal
Neuropharmacology [Neuropharmacology]
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[quote]On Nov 18, 9:37 pm, CyberDroog <CyberDr...@ClockworkOrange.com> wrote:
Good going. You>ve joined the "salt lady" in internet whackdom.
Seems like this drugAtropineis pretty popular.
It seems to act by UPPING the choline / acetylcholine in the brain.
The SAME acetylcholine raised by rice bran chaff grain
phosphatidylcholine alpha-linolenic acid containing .. **food** ..
"When the subjects ate lecithin serum choline levels rose by 265%"
"Striatal release of acetylcholine was stimulated byatropine
infusion"
http://www.drugs.com/ppa/atropine.html
Atropine
Pronouncation: (AT-troe-peen)
Class: Belladonna alkaloid, Cycloplegic mydriatic
Trade Names:
AtroPen
Indications and Usage
Administration prior to anesthesia to reduce or prevent secretions of
respiratory tract; to control rhinorrhea; treatment of parkinsonism;
restoration of cardiac rate and arterial pressure in some situations;
treatment of peptic ulcers; management of hypersecretion, irritation,
or inflammation of stomach, intestines, or pancreas; treatment of
diarrhea; relief of infant colic; management of spasms of bile tract;
treatment of hypertonicity of small intestine and uterus; management
of hypermotility of colon; prevention of spasm of pylorus, biliary
tree, ureters, and bronchi; treatment of frequent urination and bed-
wetting; therapy for certain bradycardias and heart blocks; treatment
of closed head injury with acetylcholine release; reduction of
laughing and crying associated with brain lesions; treatment of
alcohol withdrawal symptoms; relief of motion sickness. Antidote for
CV collapse in certain overdoses or poisonings (eg, organophosphorous
nerve agents having cholinesterase activity, organophosphorous or
carbamate insecticides, muscarinic symptoms of insecticide or nerve
agent poisonings). Short-term treatment and prevention of bronchospasm
associated with chronic bronchial asthma, bronchitis, and COPD.
---------------------------
Relations between dietary choline or lecithin intake, serum choline
levels, and various metabolic indices*1, , *2
Madelyn J. Hirschb, a, John H. Growdonb, a and Richard J. Wurtman, a,
b,
a Department of Endocrinology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Mass., USA
b Department of Metabolism, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Mass., USA
Received 18 November 1977. Available online 27 April 2004.
Abstract
Choline administration increases blood choline, brain choline, and
brain acetylcholine levels in rats.
It also increases blood choline levels in humans and appears to be a
useful treatment for some patients with tardive dyskinesia, a brain
disease probably associated with deficient cholinergic tone.
In order to characterize other possible metabolic and hormonal effects
of choline-containing compounds, we measured changes in serum choline,
glucose, insulin, cortisol, prolactin, cholesterol, and triglyceride
levels resulting from ingestion of low- or high-choline meals in 16
normal human subjects.
After the consumption of a single meal containing 3 g choline
chloride, serum choline rose by 86% (p < 0.01), attaining peak values
after 30 min.
When the same subjects ate a meal containing an equivalent amount of
choline in the form of lecithin, serum choline levels rose by 33%
after 30 min, and continued to rise for at least 12 hr, to 265% over
control values (p < 0.001).
Serum choline concentrations were related to the amount of choline in
the diet: they did not vary significantly during 24-hr periods when
the subjects consumed a low-choline diet for two consecutive days, but
rose substantially (p < 0.01) after each high-choline meal.
Serum glucose, insulin, cortisol, and prolactin levels were not
significantly modified by choline or lecithin ingestion. Lecithin
consumption increased serum triglyceride levels and lowered serum
cholesterol concentration.
doi:10.1016/0026-0495(78)90139-7
Copyright © 1978 Published by Elsevier Science (USA).
---------------------
"Lecithin may therefore be the method of choice for
accelerating acetylcholine synthesis"
Lancet. 1977 Jul 9;2(8028):68-9. Related Articles, Links
Lecithin consumption raises serum-free-choline levels.
Wurtman RJ, Hirsch MJ, Growdon JH.
Consumption of choline by rats sequentially increases serum-choline,
brain-choline, and brain-acetylcholine concentrations.
In man consumption of choline increases in levels in the serum and
cerebrospinal fluid; its administration is an effective way of
treating tardive dyskinesia.
We found that oral lecithin is considerably more
effective in raising human serum-choline levels than an equivalent
quantity of choline chloride. 30 minutes after ingestion of choline
chloride (2-3 g free base), serum-choline levels rose by 86% and
returned to normal values within 4 hours; 1 hour after lecithin
ingestion, these levels rose by 265% and remained significantly
raised for 12 hours.
Lecithin may therefore be the method of choice for
accelerating acetylcholine synthesis by increasing the availability
of choline, its precursor in the blood.
PMID: 69151
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Effect of choline administration on the release of acetylcholine from
the striatum as determined by microdialysis in awake rats.
Author: Westerink, B H : de Boer, P
Citation: Neurosci-Lett. 1990 May 4; 112(2-3): 297-301
Abstract: The release of acetylcholine from the striatum was recorded
by an on-line microdialysis method during intraperitoneal
administration of high doses of choline (1 mmol/kg). The effect of
choline administration was also studied in rats in which the striatal
release of acetylcholine was stimulated byatropineinfusion. The
results did not support the idea that the release of acetylcholine in
the striatum is under the control of precursor availability.
Review References: None
Notes: None
Language: English
Publication Type: Journal-Article
Keywords: Acetylcholine metabolism :Atropinepharmacology : Choline
pharmacology : Corpus Striatum metabolism
URL:http://www.elsevier.com/locate/neulet
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Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!http://tinyurl.com/634q5a
Man Is A Herbivore!http://tinyurl.com/4rq595
DEAD PEOPLE WALKINGhttp://tinyurl.com/zk9fk[/quote] |
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