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Immortalist
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 Posted: Sat Oct 11, 2008 5:27 am Post subject: What Is Economic Philosophy? Just posting facts doesn>t seem |
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The philosophy of economics is the branch of philosophy which studies
philosophical issues relating to economics. It can also be defined as
the branch of economics which studies its own foundations and status
as a moral science.
Definition and ontology of economics
The first question usually addressed any subfield of philosophy (the
philosophy of X) is "what is X?" A philosophical approach to the
question "what is economics?" is less likely to produce an answer than
it is to produce a survey of the definitional and territorial
difficulties and controversies.
Ontological questions continue with further "what is..." questions
addressed at fundamental economic phenomena, such as "what is
(economic) value?", "what is a market?". While it is possible to
respond to such questions with real verbal definitions, the
philosophical value of posing such questions actually aims at shifting
entire perspectives as to the nature of the foundations of economics.
In the rare cases that attempts at ontological shifts gain wide
acceptance, their ripple effects can spread throughout the entire
field of economics.
Methodology and epistemology of economics
An epistemology deals with how we know things. In the philosophy of
economics this means asking questions such as: what kind of a "truth
claim" is made by economic theories - for example, are we claiming
that the theories relate to reality or perceptions? How can or should
we prove economic theories - for example, must every economic theory
be empirically verifiable? How exact are economic theories and can
they lay claim to the status of an exact science - for example, are
economic predictions as reliable as predictions in the natural
sciences, and why or why not? Another way of expressing this issue is
to ask whether economic theories can state "laws". Philosophers of
science have explored these issues intensively since the work of
Alexander Rosenberg and Daniel Hausman in the 1970s.
Game theory and economic agents
Game theory is shared between a number of disciplines, but especially
mathematics, economics and philosophy. Game theory is still
extensively discussed within the field of the philosophy of economics.
Decision theory is closely related to game theory and is likewise very
strongly interdisciplinary. Philosophical approaches in decision
theory focus on foundational concepts in decision theory - for
example, on the natures of choice or preference, rationality, risk and
uncertainty, economic agents.
Ethics of economic systems
The ethics of economic systems deals with the issues such as how it is
right (just, fair) to keep or distribute economic goods. This area
overlaps strongly with other disciplines. Approaches are regarded as
more philosophical when they study the fundamentals - for example,
John Rawls' A Theory of Justice (1971) and Robert Nozick>s Anarchy,
State and Utopia (1974).
Utilitarianism, one of the major ethical methodologies, has its
origins inextricably interwoven with the emergence of modern economic
thought. Today utilitarianism has spread throughout applied ethics as
one of a number of approaches. Non-utilitarian approaches in applied
ethics are also now used when questioning the ethics of economic
systems - e.g. rights-based (deontological) approaches.
Many political ideologies have been an immediate outgrowth of
reflection on the ethics of economic systems. Marx, for example, is
generally regarded primarily as a philosopher, his most notable work
being on the philosophy of economics.
Non-mainstream economic thinking
The philosophy of economics defines itself as including the
questioning of foundations or assumptions of economics. The
foundations and assumption of economics have been questioned from the
perspective of noteworthy but typically under-represented groups.
These areas are therefore to be included within the philosophy of
economics.
* Cross-cultural perspectives on economics: an example is the
Buddhist-inspired Bhutanese "Gross National Happiness" concept
(suggested as a better development measure than GNI/GDP). Amartya Sen
is a renowned advocate for the integration of cross-cultural phenomena
into economic thinking ("It may be well asked why anyone should try to
lecture the World Bank on culture." [1]) Related area: economic
anthropology.
* Feminist perspectives on economics: e.g. Drusilla Barker & Edith
Kuiper eds., (2003) Towards a feminist philosophy of economics.
Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28388-4. ; see also feminist economics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_economics
Business ethics is a form of applied ethics that examines ethical
principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business
environment.
In the increasingly conscience-focused marketplaces of the 21st
century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions
(known as ethicism) is increasing.[1] Simultaneously, pressure is
applied on industry to improve business ethics through new public
initiatives and laws (e.g. higher UK road tax for higher-emission
vehicles).[2]
Business ethics can be both a normative and a descriptive discipline.
As a corporate practice and a career specialization, the field is
primarily normative. In academia descriptive approaches are also
taken. The range and quantity of business ethical issues reflects the
degree to which business is perceived to be at odds with non-economic
social values. Historically, interest in business ethics accelerated
dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s, both within major
corporations and within academia. For example, today most major
corporate websites lay emphasis on commitment to promoting non-
economic social values under a variety of headings (e.g. ethics codes,
social responsibility charters). In some cases, corporations have
redefined their core values in the light of business ethical
considerations (e.g. BP>s "beyond petroleum" environmental tilt).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy |
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Reddragonf66
Guest
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| Posted: Sat Oct 11, 2008 7:37 pm Post subject: Re: What Is Economic Philosophy? Just posting facts doesn>t |
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On 11 okt, 07:27, Immortalist <reanimater_2...@yahoo.com> wrote:
[quote]The philosophy of economics is the branch of philosophy which studies
philosophical issues relating to economics. It can also be defined as
the branch of economics which studies its own foundations and status
as a moral science.
Definition and ontology of economics
The first question usually addressed any subfield of philosophy (the
philosophy of X) is "what is X?" A philosophical approach to the
question "what is economics?" is less likely to produce an answer than
it is to produce a survey of the definitional and territorial
difficulties and controversies.
Ontological questions continue with further "what is..." questions
addressed at fundamental economic phenomena, such as "what is
(economic) value?", "what is a market?". While it is possible to
respond to such questions with real verbal definitions, the
philosophical value of posing such questions actually aims at shifting
entire perspectives as to the nature of the foundations of economics.
In the rare cases that attempts at ontological shifts gain wide
acceptance, their ripple effects can spread throughout the entire
field of economics.
Methodology and epistemology of economics
An epistemology deals with how we know things. In the philosophy of
economics this means asking questions such as: what kind of a "truth
claim" is made by economic theories - for example, are we claiming
that the theories relate to reality or perceptions? How can or should
we prove economic theories - for example, must every economic theory
be empirically verifiable? How exact are economic theories and can
they lay claim to the status of an exact science - for example, are
economic predictions as reliable as predictions in the natural
sciences, and why or why not? Another way of expressing this issue is
to ask whether economic theories can state "laws". Philosophers of
science have explored these issues intensively since the work of
Alexander Rosenberg and Daniel Hausman in the 1970s.
Game theory and economic agents
Game theory is shared between a number of disciplines, but especially
mathematics, economics and philosophy. Game theory is still
extensively discussed within the field of the philosophy of economics.
Decision theory is closely related to game theory and is likewise very
strongly interdisciplinary. Philosophical approaches in decision
theory focus on foundational concepts in decision theory - for
example, on the natures of choice or preference, rationality, risk and
uncertainty, economic agents.
Ethics of economic systems
The ethics of economic systems deals with the issues such as how it is
right (just, fair) to keep or distribute economic goods. This area
overlaps strongly with other disciplines. Approaches are regarded as
more philosophical when they study the fundamentals - for example,
John Rawls' A Theory of Justice (1971) and Robert Nozick>s Anarchy,
State and Utopia (1974).
Utilitarianism, one of the major ethical methodologies, has its
origins inextricably interwoven with the emergence of modern economic
thought. Today utilitarianism has spread throughout applied ethics as
one of a number of approaches. Non-utilitarian approaches in applied
ethics are also now used when questioning the ethics of economic
systems - e.g. rights-based (deontological) approaches.
Many political ideologies have been an immediate outgrowth of
reflection on the ethics of economic systems. Marx, for example, is
generally regarded primarily as a philosopher, his most notable work
being on the philosophy of economics.
Non-mainstream economic thinking
The philosophy of economics defines itself as including the
questioning of foundations or assumptions of economics. The
foundations and assumption of economics have been questioned from the
perspective of noteworthy but typically under-represented groups.
These areas are therefore to be included within the philosophy of
economics.
* Cross-cultural perspectives on economics: an example is the
Buddhist-inspired Bhutanese "Gross National Happiness" concept
(suggested as a better development measure than GNI/GDP). Amartya Sen
is a renowned advocate for the integration of cross-cultural phenomena
into economic thinking ("It may be well asked why anyone should try to
lecture the World Bank on culture." [1]) Related area: economic
anthropology.
* Feminist perspectives on economics: e.g. Drusilla Barker & Edith
Kuiper eds., (2003) Towards a feminist philosophy of economics.
Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28388-4. ; see also feminist economics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_economics
Business ethics is a form of applied ethics that examines ethical
principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business
environment.
In the increasingly conscience-focused marketplaces of the 21st
century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions
(known as ethicism) is increasing.[1] Simultaneously, pressure is
applied on industry to improve business ethics through new public
initiatives and laws (e.g. higher UK road tax for higher-emission
vehicles).[2]
Business ethics can be both a normative and a descriptive discipline.
As a corporate practice and a career specialization, the field is
primarily normative. In academia descriptive approaches are also
taken. The range and quantity of business ethical issues reflects the
degree to which business is perceived to be at odds with non-economic
social values. Historically, interest in business ethics accelerated
dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s, both within major
corporations and within academia. For example, today most major
corporate websites lay emphasis on commitment to promoting non-
economic social values under a variety of headings (e.g. ethics codes,
social responsibility charters). In some cases, corporations have
redefined their core values in the light of business ethical
considerations (e.g. BP>s "beyond petroleum" environmental tilt).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy
[/quote]
to long people dont read ;ong storys |
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Immortalist
Guest
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| Posted: Sat Oct 11, 2008 9:48 pm Post subject: Re: What Is Economic Philosophy? Just posting facts doesn>t |
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On Oct 11, 12:37 pm, Reddragonf66 <mark...@hotmail.com> wrote:
[quote]On 11 okt, 07:27, Immortalist <reanimater_2...@yahoo.com> wrote:
to long people dont read ;ong storys
[/quote]
Can you mke a very short readable version? Maybe like ecophil = doink?
Short n' Simple
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4GG19mVSHU |
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galathaea
Guest
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| Posted: Sun Oct 12, 2008 12:48 am Post subject: Re: What Is Economic Philosophy? Just posting facts doesn>t |
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On Oct 11, 12:37 pm, Reddragonf66 <mark...@hotmail.com> wrote:
[quote]On 11 okt, 07:27, Immortalist <reanimater_2...@yahoo.com> wrote:
The philosophy of economics is the branch of philosophy which studies
philosophical issues relating to economics. It can also be defined as
the branch of economics which studies its own foundations and status
as a moral science.
Definition and ontology of economics
The first question usually addressed any subfield of philosophy (the
philosophy of X) is "what is X?" A philosophical approach to the
question "what is economics?" is less likely to produce an answer than
it is to produce a survey of the definitional and territorial
difficulties and controversies.
Ontological questions continue with further "what is..." questions
addressed at fundamental economic phenomena, such as "what is
(economic) value?", "what is a market?". While it is possible to
respond to such questions with real verbal definitions, the
philosophical value of posing such questions actually aims at shifting
entire perspectives as to the nature of the foundations of economics.
In the rare cases that attempts at ontological shifts gain wide
acceptance, their ripple effects can spread throughout the entire
field of economics.
Methodology and epistemology of economics
An epistemology deals with how we know things. In the philosophy of
economics this means asking questions such as: what kind of a "truth
claim" is made by economic theories - for example, are we claiming
that the theories relate to reality or perceptions? How can or should
we prove economic theories - for example, must every economic theory
be empirically verifiable? How exact are economic theories and can
they lay claim to the status of an exact science - for example, are
economic predictions as reliable as predictions in the natural
sciences, and why or why not? Another way of expressing this issue is
to ask whether economic theories can state "laws". Philosophers of
science have explored these issues intensively since the work of
Alexander Rosenberg and Daniel Hausman in the 1970s.
Game theory and economic agents
Game theory is shared between a number of disciplines, but especially
mathematics, economics and philosophy. Game theory is still
extensively discussed within the field of the philosophy of economics.
Decision theory is closely related to game theory and is likewise very
strongly interdisciplinary. Philosophical approaches in decision
theory focus on foundational concepts in decision theory - for
example, on the natures of choice or preference, rationality, risk and
uncertainty, economic agents.
Ethics of economic systems
The ethics of economic systems deals with the issues such as how it is
right (just, fair) to keep or distribute economic goods. This area
overlaps strongly with other disciplines. Approaches are regarded as
more philosophical when they study the fundamentals - for example,
John Rawls' A Theory of Justice (1971) and Robert Nozick>s Anarchy,
State and Utopia (1974).
Utilitarianism, one of the major ethical methodologies, has its
origins inextricably interwoven with the emergence of modern economic
thought. Today utilitarianism has spread throughout applied ethics as
one of a number of approaches. Non-utilitarian approaches in applied
ethics are also now used when questioning the ethics of economic
systems - e.g. rights-based (deontological) approaches.
Many political ideologies have been an immediate outgrowth of
reflection on the ethics of economic systems. Marx, for example, is
generally regarded primarily as a philosopher, his most notable work
being on the philosophy of economics.
Non-mainstream economic thinking
The philosophy of economics defines itself as including the
questioning of foundations or assumptions of economics. The
foundations and assumption of economics have been questioned from the
perspective of noteworthy but typically under-represented groups.
These areas are therefore to be included within the philosophy of
economics.
* Cross-cultural perspectives on economics: an example is the
Buddhist-inspired Bhutanese "Gross National Happiness" concept
(suggested as a better development measure than GNI/GDP). Amartya Sen
is a renowned advocate for the integration of cross-cultural phenomena
into economic thinking ("It may be well asked why anyone should try to
lecture the World Bank on culture." [1]) Related area: economic
anthropology.
* Feminist perspectives on economics: e.g. Drusilla Barker & Edith
Kuiper eds., (2003) Towards a feminist philosophy of economics.
Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28388-4. ; see also feminist economics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_economics
Business ethics is a form of applied ethics that examines ethical
principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business
environment.
In the increasingly conscience-focused marketplaces of the 21st
century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions
(known as ethicism) is increasing.[1] Simultaneously, pressure is
applied on industry to improve business ethics through new public
initiatives and laws (e.g. higher UK road tax for higher-emission
vehicles).[2]
Business ethics can be both a normative and a descriptive discipline.
As a corporate practice and a career specialization, the field is
primarily normative. In academia descriptive approaches are also
taken. The range and quantity of business ethical issues reflects the
degree to which business is perceived to be at odds with non-economic
social values. Historically, interest in business ethics accelerated
dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s, both within major
corporations and within academia. For example, today most major
corporate websites lay emphasis on commitment to promoting non-
economic social values under a variety of headings (e.g. ethics codes,
social responsibility charters). In some cases, corporations have
redefined their core values in the light of business ethical
considerations (e.g. BP>s "beyond petroleum" environmental tilt).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w...
to long people dont read ;ong storys
[/quote]
it is a shame
they would probably be taken advantage of less
if they learned how
i wonder if that has to do with economics?
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
galathaea: prankster, fablist, magician, liar |
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Logan Square
Guest
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| Posted: Sun Oct 12, 2008 1:08 pm Post subject: Re: What Is Economic Philosophy? Just posting facts doesn>t |
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You>re talking about academics here. The fast-talking, short-thinking
wiseguys who run things don>t care about anything other than making as much
money as they can.
"Immortalist" <reanimater_2000@yahoo.com> wrote in message
news:150334ac-1161-4f12-8665-a15ff1341b42@b30g2000prf.googlegroups.com...
[quote]The philosophy of economics is the branch of philosophy which studies
philosophical issues relating to economics. It can also be defined as
the branch of economics which studies its own foundations and status
as a moral science.
Definition and ontology of economics
The first question usually addressed any subfield of philosophy (the
philosophy of X) is "what is X?" A philosophical approach to the
question "what is economics?" is less likely to produce an answer than
it is to produce a survey of the definitional and territorial
difficulties and controversies.
Ontological questions continue with further "what is..." questions
addressed at fundamental economic phenomena, such as "what is
(economic) value?", "what is a market?". While it is possible to
respond to such questions with real verbal definitions, the
philosophical value of posing such questions actually aims at shifting
entire perspectives as to the nature of the foundations of economics.
In the rare cases that attempts at ontological shifts gain wide
acceptance, their ripple effects can spread throughout the entire
field of economics.
Methodology and epistemology of economics
An epistemology deals with how we know things. In the philosophy of
economics this means asking questions such as: what kind of a "truth
claim" is made by economic theories - for example, are we claiming
that the theories relate to reality or perceptions? How can or should
we prove economic theories - for example, must every economic theory
be empirically verifiable? How exact are economic theories and can
they lay claim to the status of an exact science - for example, are
economic predictions as reliable as predictions in the natural
sciences, and why or why not? Another way of expressing this issue is
to ask whether economic theories can state "laws". Philosophers of
science have explored these issues intensively since the work of
Alexander Rosenberg and Daniel Hausman in the 1970s.
Game theory and economic agents
Game theory is shared between a number of disciplines, but especially
mathematics, economics and philosophy. Game theory is still
extensively discussed within the field of the philosophy of economics.
Decision theory is closely related to game theory and is likewise very
strongly interdisciplinary. Philosophical approaches in decision
theory focus on foundational concepts in decision theory - for
example, on the natures of choice or preference, rationality, risk and
uncertainty, economic agents.
Ethics of economic systems
The ethics of economic systems deals with the issues such as how it is
right (just, fair) to keep or distribute economic goods. This area
overlaps strongly with other disciplines. Approaches are regarded as
more philosophical when they study the fundamentals - for example,
John Rawls' A Theory of Justice (1971) and Robert Nozick>s Anarchy,
State and Utopia (1974).
Utilitarianism, one of the major ethical methodologies, has its
origins inextricably interwoven with the emergence of modern economic
thought. Today utilitarianism has spread throughout applied ethics as
one of a number of approaches. Non-utilitarian approaches in applied
ethics are also now used when questioning the ethics of economic
systems - e.g. rights-based (deontological) approaches.
Many political ideologies have been an immediate outgrowth of
reflection on the ethics of economic systems. Marx, for example, is
generally regarded primarily as a philosopher, his most notable work
being on the philosophy of economics.
Non-mainstream economic thinking
The philosophy of economics defines itself as including the
questioning of foundations or assumptions of economics. The
foundations and assumption of economics have been questioned from the
perspective of noteworthy but typically under-represented groups.
These areas are therefore to be included within the philosophy of
economics.
* Cross-cultural perspectives on economics: an example is the
Buddhist-inspired Bhutanese "Gross National Happiness" concept
(suggested as a better development measure than GNI/GDP). Amartya Sen
is a renowned advocate for the integration of cross-cultural phenomena
into economic thinking ("It may be well asked why anyone should try to
lecture the World Bank on culture." [1]) Related area: economic
anthropology.
* Feminist perspectives on economics: e.g. Drusilla Barker & Edith
Kuiper eds., (2003) Towards a feminist philosophy of economics.
Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28388-4. ; see also feminist economics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_economics
Business ethics is a form of applied ethics that examines ethical
principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business
environment.
In the increasingly conscience-focused marketplaces of the 21st
century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions
(known as ethicism) is increasing.[1] Simultaneously, pressure is
applied on industry to improve business ethics through new public
initiatives and laws (e.g. higher UK road tax for higher-emission
vehicles).[2]
Business ethics can be both a normative and a descriptive discipline.
As a corporate practice and a career specialization, the field is
primarily normative. In academia descriptive approaches are also
taken. The range and quantity of business ethical issues reflects the
degree to which business is perceived to be at odds with non-economic
social values. Historically, interest in business ethics accelerated
dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s, both within major
corporations and within academia. For example, today most major
corporate websites lay emphasis on commitment to promoting non-
economic social values under a variety of headings (e.g. ethics codes,
social responsibility charters). In some cases, corporations have
redefined their core values in the light of business ethical
considerations (e.g. BP>s "beyond petroleum" environmental tilt).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy[/quote] |
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Sean
Guest
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| Posted: Sun Oct 12, 2008 5:52 pm Post subject: Re: What Is Economic Philosophy? Just posting facts doesn>t |
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Thanks for the info. I believe that economics is really more about human
behaviour and subsequent politics amongst groups.
Economics to me appears more about an end result of basic beliefs and
interactions of people, communities and nations, as opposed to an aspect of
philosophy in it>s own right.
IOW economics, and social systems etc are over-rated and misnomers. But I
still accept that is how they are handled. It may also be a employment
generator for philosophy academics to ponder, but I doubt there>s much value
in the output that hasn>t been already covered elsewhere. Just my opinion.
As an aside, I also see the current finacial crisis and politcal fallout
dramas as all about primary *values*, and what>s really important in
people>s lives vs fluff and distractions. I could be wrong, but, what the
hell.
<smile>
"Immortalist" <reanimater_2000@yahoo.com> wrote in message
news:150334ac-1161-4f12-8665-a15ff1341b42@b30g2000prf.googlegroups.com...
[quote]The philosophy of economics is the branch of philosophy which studies
philosophical issues relating to economics. It can also be defined as
the branch of economics which studies its own foundations and status
as a moral science.
Definition and ontology of economics
The first question usually addressed any subfield of philosophy (the
philosophy of X) is "what is X?" A philosophical approach to the
question "what is economics?" is less likely to produce an answer than
it is to produce a survey of the definitional and territorial
difficulties and controversies.
Ontological questions continue with further "what is..." questions
addressed at fundamental economic phenomena, such as "what is
(economic) value?", "what is a market?". While it is possible to
respond to such questions with real verbal definitions, the
philosophical value of posing such questions actually aims at shifting
entire perspectives as to the nature of the foundations of economics.
In the rare cases that attempts at ontological shifts gain wide
acceptance, their ripple effects can spread throughout the entire
field of economics.
Methodology and epistemology of economics
An epistemology deals with how we know things. In the philosophy of
economics this means asking questions such as: what kind of a "truth
claim" is made by economic theories - for example, are we claiming
that the theories relate to reality or perceptions? How can or should
we prove economic theories - for example, must every economic theory
be empirically verifiable? How exact are economic theories and can
they lay claim to the status of an exact science - for example, are
economic predictions as reliable as predictions in the natural
sciences, and why or why not? Another way of expressing this issue is
to ask whether economic theories can state "laws". Philosophers of
science have explored these issues intensively since the work of
Alexander Rosenberg and Daniel Hausman in the 1970s.
Game theory and economic agents
Game theory is shared between a number of disciplines, but especially
mathematics, economics and philosophy. Game theory is still
extensively discussed within the field of the philosophy of economics.
Decision theory is closely related to game theory and is likewise very
strongly interdisciplinary. Philosophical approaches in decision
theory focus on foundational concepts in decision theory - for
example, on the natures of choice or preference, rationality, risk and
uncertainty, economic agents.
Ethics of economic systems
The ethics of economic systems deals with the issues such as how it is
right (just, fair) to keep or distribute economic goods. This area
overlaps strongly with other disciplines. Approaches are regarded as
more philosophical when they study the fundamentals - for example,
John Rawls' A Theory of Justice (1971) and Robert Nozick>s Anarchy,
State and Utopia (1974).
Utilitarianism, one of the major ethical methodologies, has its
origins inextricably interwoven with the emergence of modern economic
thought. Today utilitarianism has spread throughout applied ethics as
one of a number of approaches. Non-utilitarian approaches in applied
ethics are also now used when questioning the ethics of economic
systems - e.g. rights-based (deontological) approaches.
Many political ideologies have been an immediate outgrowth of
reflection on the ethics of economic systems. Marx, for example, is
generally regarded primarily as a philosopher, his most notable work
being on the philosophy of economics.
Non-mainstream economic thinking
The philosophy of economics defines itself as including the
questioning of foundations or assumptions of economics. The
foundations and assumption of economics have been questioned from the
perspective of noteworthy but typically under-represented groups.
These areas are therefore to be included within the philosophy of
economics.
* Cross-cultural perspectives on economics: an example is the
Buddhist-inspired Bhutanese "Gross National Happiness" concept
(suggested as a better development measure than GNI/GDP). Amartya Sen
is a renowned advocate for the integration of cross-cultural phenomena
into economic thinking ("It may be well asked why anyone should try to
lecture the World Bank on culture." [1]) Related area: economic
anthropology.
* Feminist perspectives on economics: e.g. Drusilla Barker & Edith
Kuiper eds., (2003) Towards a feminist philosophy of economics.
Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28388-4. ; see also feminist economics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_economics
Business ethics is a form of applied ethics that examines ethical
principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business
environment.
In the increasingly conscience-focused marketplaces of the 21st
century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions
(known as ethicism) is increasing.[1] Simultaneously, pressure is
applied on industry to improve business ethics through new public
initiatives and laws (e.g. higher UK road tax for higher-emission
vehicles).[2]
Business ethics can be both a normative and a descriptive discipline.
As a corporate practice and a career specialization, the field is
primarily normative. In academia descriptive approaches are also
taken. The range and quantity of business ethical issues reflects the
degree to which business is perceived to be at odds with non-economic
social values. Historically, interest in business ethics accelerated
dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s, both within major
corporations and within academia. For example, today most major
corporate websites lay emphasis on commitment to promoting non-
economic social values under a variety of headings (e.g. ethics codes,
social responsibility charters). In some cases, corporations have
redefined their core values in the light of business ethical
considerations (e.g. BP>s "beyond petroleum" environmental tilt).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy[/quote] |
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