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Marc Verhaegen · Guest

Pitbulls have rounder limb bones,
greyhounds have laterolaterally +-flattened limb bones.
IOW, platymeria in He contradicts running.
http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/208/18/3475
Functional trade-offs in the limb bones of dogs selected for running versus
fighting
TJ Kemp, KN Bachus, JA Nairn & DR Carrier 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208:3475-82

Lee Olsen · Guest

Off topic, wetloon. Go find a dog kennel.

On Jul 16, 4:01 pm, Marc Verhaegen <m_verhae...@skynet.be> wrote:
[quote]Pitbulls have rounder limb bones,
greyhounds have laterolaterally +-flattened limb bones.
IOW, platymeria in He contradicts running.http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/208/18/3475
Functional trade-offs in the limb bones of dogs selected for running versus
fighting
TJ Kemp, KN Bachus, JA Nairn & DR Carrier 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208:3475-82[/quote]

Lee Olsen · Guest

On Jul 16, 5:43 pm, Marc Verhaegen <m_verhae...@skynet.be> wrote:

[quote]no, my little boy:
[/quote]
You are a pervert, besides being off topic.

Marc Verhaegen · Guest

[quote]Off topic, wetloon
[/quote]
no, my little boy: you>re too stupid to see the relevance: Go find a dog
kennel.
or simply google "platymeria"

[quote]Pitbulls have rounder limb bones,
greyhounds have laterolaterally +-flattened limb bones.
IOW, platymeria in He contradicts
running.http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/208/18/3475
Functional trade-offs in the limb bones of dogs selected for running versus
fighting
TJ Kemp, KN Bachus, JA Nairn & DR Carrier 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208:3475-82[/quote]

RichTravsky · Guest

Marc Verhaegen wrote:
[quote]
Pitbulls have rounder limb bones,
greyhounds have laterolaterally +-flattened limb bones.
IOW, platymeria in He contradicts running.
http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/208/18/3475
Functional trade-offs in the limb bones of dogs selected for running versus
fighting
TJ Kemp, KN Bachus, JA Nairn & DR Carrier 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208:3475-82[/quote]

Lee Olsen · Guest

On Jul 28, 4:16 am, Marc Verhaegen <m_verhae...@skynet.be> wrote:
[quote]sigh
"contradicts the endurance running hypothesis",
[/quote]
See any dogs here, wetloon?

Christopher Ruff

Femoral/humeral strength in early African Homo erectus

Journal of Human Evolution 54 (2008) 383-390

Abstract
"Lower-to-upper limb-bone proportions give valuable clues to locomotor
behavior in fossil taxa. However, to date only external linear
dimensions
have been included in such analyses of early hominins. In this study,
cross-sectional measures of femoral and humeral diaphyseal strength
are determined for the two most complete early Homo erectus (or
ergaster) associated skeletonsdthe juvenile KNM-WT 15000 and the adult
KNM-ER 1808. Modern comparative samples include an adult human
skeletal sample representative of diverse body shapes, a human
longitudinal
growth series, and an adult chimpanzee sample. When compared to
appropriately age-matched samples, both H. erectus specimens fall
very close to modern human mean proportions and far from chimpanzee
proportions (which do not overlap with those of humans). This implies
very similar mechanical load-sharing between the lower and upper
limbs, and by implication, similar locomotor behavior in early H.
erectus and
modern humans. Thus, by the earliest Pleistocene (1.7 Ma), completely
modern patterns of bipedal behavior were fully established in at least
one
early hominin taxon."

Daniel E. Lieberman, Dennis M. Bramble, David A. Raichlen, John J.
Shea
The evolution of endurance running and the tyranny of
ethnography: A reply to Pickering and Bunn (2007)

Journal of Human Evolution 53 (2007)

"Endurance running (ER) poses a conundrum for paleoanthropologists.
As summarized in Bramble and Lieberman
(2004), human ER capabilities, which are unique among primates,
either match or exceed those of mammals adapted for
running (cursors), including dogs and equids. Because many
of the biomechanical and physiological challenges of human
ER are so different from those of walking, we can conclude
that human ER capabilities did not arise merely as a by-product
of selection for walking. Instead, the available evidence
suggests that an array of features that improve ER performance
were selected in the genus Homo, and they were probably
present to some extent by the appearance of Homo erectus at
approximately
1.9 Ma."

http://tinyurl.com/2mt963
The evolution of human running: Effects of changes in lower-limb
length on locomotor economy
Karen L. Steudel-Numbers

Abstract
"Previous studies have differed in expectations about whether long
limbs should increase or decrease the energetic cost of locomotion. It
has
recently been shown that relatively longer lower limbs (relative to
body mass) reduce the energetic cost of human walking. Here we report
on
whether a relationship exists between limb length and cost of human
running. Subjects whose measured lower-limb lengths were relatively
long
or short for their mass (as judged by deviations from predicted values
based on a regression of lower-limb length on body mass) were
selected.
Eighteen human subjects rested in a seated position and ran on a
treadmill at 2.68 m s1 while their expired gases were collected and
analyzed;
stride length was determined from videotapes. We found significant
negative relationships between relative lower-limb length and two
measures
of cost. The partial correlation between net cost of transport and
lower-limb length controlling for body mass was r = -0.69 ( p 0.002). The
partial correlation between the gross cost of locomotion at 2.68 m s1
and lower-limb length controlling for body mass was r = -0.61
( p = 0.009). Thus, subjects with relatively longer lower limbs tend
to have lower locomotor costs than those with relatively shorter lower
limbs,
similar to the results found for human walking. Contrary to general
expectation, a linear relationship between stride length and lower-
limb length
was not found.

LEAKEY, L. S. B., By the Evidence.
Memoirs 1932-1951.
New York, Harcourt Brace 1974
page 96 Tindiga women catching kudus and killing them with clubs.

http://www.nwemail.co.uk/unknown/viewarticle.aspx?id=795363
THE recent Keswick/Buttermere round 34km road race is regarded as one
of the toughest running events in the country.
This year the race was won by Steve Littler, of Wesham Road Runners,
who set a new record time
of two hours, three minutes and 13 seconds – two minutes inside the
time set by Kenny Stuart and Jon Broxap in 1982.

Chris Steele, of Borrowdale Fell Runners, was second (2:10.18), with
Paul Waterston, of Morpeth Harriers, third (2:17.40).

First lady was Julie Carter, from Cumberland Fell Runners, (2:42.27).

http://www.nwemail.co.uk/unknown/viewarticle.aspx?id=799487

BARROW and Furness Striders runner Garry Dixon won the Great North
West Half Marathon
in Blackpool on Sunday. Dixon led home a field of nearly 1,200
runners to claim his first ever victory
over the 13.1 mile distance and a new personal best time of 71 minutes
and 52 seconds.

http://www.ws100.com/
The Western States Endurance Run is one of the oldest ultra trail
events in the world and
certainly one of the most challenging.

You probably do, since you see semiaquatic mountain beavers...

[quote]my little boy...
[/quote]
Pervert...

satisfied?

Marc Verhaegen · Guest

sigh
"contradicts the endurance running hypothesis", my little boy...
satisfied?

SFs are stupiod stupid stupid

Op 28-07-2008 06:43, in artikel 488D4E79.6BD2A4E5@hotmMOVEail.com,
RichTravsky <traRvEsky@hotmMOVEail.com> schreef:

[quote]Marc Verhaegen wrote:

Pitbulls have rounder limb bones,
greyhounds have laterolaterally +-flattened limb bones.
IOW, platymeria in He contradicts running.
http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/208/18/3475
Functional trade-offs in the limb bones of dogs selected for running versus
fighting
TJ Kemp, KN Bachus, JA Nairn & DR Carrier 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208:3475-82[/quote]

Lee Olsen · Guest

Did you need some real science, rather than your imagination?

http://tinyurl.com/7u5wo
" In fact, he walked and ran with better mechanics than we do today.
The mechanics of his femur, femur head, pelvis, and lower back are
superior to those of today. We have had to sacrifice some of that
efficiency of walking and running to give birth to children with
larger brains."

"Two indepandent lines of research converged on the
conclusion that early Homo was an efficient runner, the first human
species to be so Leakey (1994:55)."

http://tinyurl.com/2n8y2n
Carl Zimmer Science 2004

"It may come as a surprise to hear that humans excel in running.
Obviously, a leopard can leave us in the dust in a short sprint. But
over longer distances leopards and most other mammals flag. "Most
mammals can>t sustain a gallop over 10 to 15 minutes," says Lieberman.
Humans, on the otherhand, can continue running for hours while using
relatively little energy. "Humans are phenomanenal endurance runners,
in terms of speed, cost, and distance," says Lieberman. You can
actually outrun a pony easily." And yet, he points out, "no other
primates out there endurance run."

http://www.indigenouspeople.net/tarafeat.htm
"The public was amazed at the prowess of the runners and even more so
when the papers reported
that there were better ones at home. One of them was called "The Tiger
of the Sierra"; he had run for
three consecutive days that same year, near Norogachic, Chihuahua,
covering a distance of 300 kilometers,
or 186 miles, of mountainous country."

"Specifically, longer, more linear bodies are better adapted
for heat loss in dry open environments, where evaporative
heat loss from sweating is very effective. All modern-day tall
"elongated"
African (e.g., Nilotics) are restricted to such environments."
Alan Walker and Richard Leakey editors.
1993 The Nariokotome Homo Erectus Skeleton.
Harvard University Press, Cambridge

http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/master.html?http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/1206/1206_samplings.html
Mr. Karoha runs down another ill-equipped-for-savanna kudu.

"The earliest Eurasians preferentially occupied
grasslands and open scrub- and wood-lands, as in
East Africa. Homo ergaster/erectus in East Africa after 1.7 Ma is
associated with hot and dry conditions, and open
grasslands; its post-cranial anatomy, with its long
limbs was geared to long-distance walking across
open ground, and to heat dispersal through upright
posture (Dennell 2003:442)."

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17584912/
"Just because humans have long legs doesn’t make us less aggressive.
Rather, the longer legs are a product of humans’ specialization for
distance running."

"He showed that even the slowest human runners could, with even a
slight head start, outrun lions, cheetahs, leopards, hyenas, and wild
dogs, not by speed, but by out distancing them (Donald Mitchell)."
QUARRY CLOSING IN ON THE MISSING LINK by Boaz, Noel T. 1993 (ISBN:
0029045010)

"From our spring-loaded ligaments to our muscular behinds to our
ability to sweat,
the human body took the ideal shape of a long-distance runner starting
some 2 million years ago,
the researchers say. The long, lean build helped us scavenge widely
scattered kills
and could also have been an advantage when hunting down prey over long
distances."
"We>re lousy sprinters, but we>re really great long-distance
runners,"
said Daniel Lieberman, an anthropologist at Harvard University.

http://tinyurl.com/dcxyw

"A long-distance runner has beaten a leading endurance racehorse over
a distance of 80 kilometres in the United Arab Emirates."

Got it yet, wetloon?

On Jul 28, 2:35 pm, Marc Verhaegen <m_verhae...@skynet.be> wrote:
[quote]Op 28-07-2008 14:42, in artikel
9df8d0e9-cd44-4c95-8e82-5c6e1c86b...@w1g2000prk.googlegroups.com, Lee Olsen
paleoc...@hotmail.com> schreef:

On Jul 28, 4:16 am, Marc Verhaegen <m_verhae...@skynet.be> wrote:
sigh
"contradicts the endurance running hypothesis",

See any dogs here, wetloon?

Christopher Ruff

Femoral/humeral strength in early African Homo erectus

Journal of Human Evolution 54 (2008) 383-390

Abstract
"Lower-to-upper limb-bone proportions give valuable clues to locomotor
behavior in fossil taxa.

yes, the human lower-to-upper limb bone proportions resemble those of
indris, therefore humans jump in trees
[/quote]

Marc Verhaegen · Guest

Op 28-07-2008 14:42, in artikel
9df8d0e9-cd44-4c95-8e82-5c6e1c86b4c9@w1g2000prk.googlegroups.com, Lee Olsen
<paleocity@hotmail.com> schreef:

[quote]On Jul 28, 4:16 am, Marc Verhaegen <m_verhae...@skynet.be> wrote:
sigh
"contradicts the endurance running hypothesis",

See any dogs here, wetloon?

Christopher Ruff

Femoral/humeral strength in early African Homo erectus

Journal of Human Evolution 54 (2008) 383-390

Abstract
"Lower-to-upper limb-bone proportions give valuable clues to locomotor
behavior in fossil taxa.
[/quote]
yes, the human lower-to-upper limb bone proportions resemble those of
indris, therefore humans jump in trees

Grow up, Olson boy.

Marc Verhaegen · Guest

Savanna Fools now confabulates:

[quote]" In fact, he walked and ran with better mechanics than we do today.
[/quote]
:-DDD

Inform a bit, my little boy:

Bramble and Lieberman (2004), in a much-discussed review article in Nature,
cite a number of derived Homo features they claim to be adaptations for more
efficient endurance running in arid, open habitats. However, while some of
these supposedly Œcursorial adaptations¹ appear first in the fossil record
in H. habilis, others appear first in H. erectus, and others still in H.
sapiens, suggesting a much more complex story than proposed by Bramble and
Lieberman. Their conclusions are reached without systematic comparisons
with other animals (including endurance runners) and with general
comparisons restricted to fossil hominids and Pan. Since convergent traits
are strong indicators of evolution in similar environments (Bender 1999), a
systematic comparison with a broad range of animals with a variety of
locomotor strategies would have been more informative.
In addition, discussion of possible locomotion styles is restricted to
walking and running, with no consideration at all given to activities such
as wading, swimming or underwater foraging, yet humans are regular waders
and more accomplished swimmers and divers than other primates. Most of the
list¹s Œadaptations¹ for walking could just as easily be explained by
wading. One of the frequent Œexplanations¹ in the list is ³stress
reduction², a reference to the vertical posture of humans with the weight
resting on two legs. But this says nothing about endurance running, with
standing, wading, walking or short distance running all using a similar
posture, and therefore all requiring stress reduction. Other Œexplanations¹
include ³counter rotation², ³thermoregulation² and ³stabilization², but no
comparative data to corroborate these interpretations are provided. In
other words, their Œexplanations¹ are ad hoc suppositions, applied to one
example (human ancestors) without any consideration as to whether these
supposed adaptations are seen in other animals, which means their
Œexplanations¹ are statistically invalid (n=1). Long legs, and possibly
shortened forearms, could be seen as running adaptations, but these are just
as typical of wading and swimming species compared with runners (Hildebrand
1974: 584, Bender 1999).
In a waterside scenario, wading and swimming would be preadaptative to the
humanlike Œvertical¹ locomotion that Bramble and Lieberman (2004) believe to
be a direct adaptation to endurance running. In our view, frequent
terrestrial locomotion, whether for walking or for (relatively slow)
running, was more recent (Homo sapiens) and could not be derived directly
from an ancestral locomotion in forests, whether on the ground or in the
branches, because in that case a more baboon-like locomotion would be
expected (the Œbaboon paradox¹).

Table 4. Bramble and Lieberman¹s (2004) list of supposedly derived features
of the human skeleton with so-called cursorial functions

Functional role in running & walking according to Bramble & Lieberman
(2004) W = walk R = run Earliest evidence Comparative data. More
likely alternatives in our opinion. NSS = not seen in savannah animals. NSC
= not seen in cursorial animals. NUL = not unexpected in littoral animals.
Enlarged posterior & anterior semicircular canals Head/body
stabilization R H. erectus NSS as far as known. NUL, e.g., for
equilibrium during descent & ascent in diving. Requires more comparative
data.
Expanded venous circulation of neurocranium Thermoregulation R>W H.
erectus NSS. NSC. NUL. Skull base & paravertebral venous networks are
typical of diving species.
More balanced head Head stabilization R H. habilis NSS. NSC. Could
be advantageous in frequent standing rather than running. Alined build NUL.
Nuchal ligament Head stabilization R H. habilis NUL, e.g., in
pronograde swimming.
Short snout Head stabilization R>W H. habilis NSS. NSC. Snout
shortening has to do with mastication rather than head stabilisation.
Tall, narrow body form Thermoregulation R>W H. erectus NUL: long
legs are typical of wading species.
Decoupled head & pectoral girdle Counter-rotation of trunk vs head R
H. erectus? NUL: waterside as well as a mosaic milieus require versatile
locomotions.
Low, wide shoulders Counter-rotation of trunk vs hips R H. erectus?
NUL: Œlow¹ could be for wading as well as for underwater swimming. No
relation to running.
Forearm shortening Counter-rotation of trunk - H. erectus NUL:
typical of frequently swimming species.
Narrow thorax Counter-rotation of trunk vs hips R H. erectus?
Dorso-ventrally narrow. NSS, NSC, NUL: typical of shallow water dwellers,
e.g., platypus, hippo, beaver.
Narrow & tall waist between iliac crest & ribcage Counter-rotation of
trunk vs hips R H. erectus? NUL: waterside as well as mosaic milieus
require a wide range of locomotions.
Narrow pelvis Counter-rotation of trunk vs hips Stress reduction R
R>W Homo? H. erectus had still flaring ilia, presumably for femoral
abduction: NSS, NSC, NUL.
Expanded lumbar central surface area Stress reduction R>W H.
erectus Suggests vertical body. NUL, e.g., for wading.
Enlarged iliac pillar Stress reduction R>W H. erectus Idem.
Stabilized sacroiliac joint Trunk stabilization R H. erectus
Idem.
Expanded surface area for mm. erector spinae origin Trunk stabilization
R H. erectus Idem.
Expanded surface area for m. gluteus maximus origin Trunk stabilization
R H. erectus Idem.
Long legs Stride length R>W H. erectus NUL, typical of wading
species.
Expanded hindlimb joint surface area Stress reduction R>W H.
erectus Suggests vertical body. NUL, e.g., for wading.
Shorter femoral neck Stress reduction R>W H. sapiens Not seen in
H. erectus. Presumably post-littoral.
Long Achilles tendon Energy storage Shock absorption R Homo?
Comparative data are needed. Typical cursorial species are not plantigrade.
NUL.
Plantar arch (passively stabilized) Energy storage Shock absorbtion
Powered plantar-flexion R R>W R>W Homo? NSS. NSC. NUL: plantigrady for
wading and swimming.
Enlarged tuber calcaneus Stress reduction R>W Homo? Cursorials
do not have enlarged heels. NSS. NSC. NUL.
Close-packed calcaneo-cuboid joint Energy storage Stability during
plantarflexion R>W OH-8 Comparative data are needed. NUL.
Permanently adducted hallux Stability during plantarflexion R>W
OH-8 NUL: wading, swimming.
Short toes Stability during plantarflexion Distal mass reduction R>W
OH-8 NSS. NSC. NUL: metatarsal lengthening and toe shortening is to be
expected in swimming & wading.

Most of Bramble and Lieberman¹s Œadaptations¹ are not what we would expect
in a cursorial (running) animal. For example, their list includes ³enlarged
posterior and anterior semicircular canals², but there are no comparisons
with, for instance, giraffes (heads high above the ground), gibbons (fast
and versatile locomotion), kangaroos (cursorial bipeds), or swimming or
diving species. It is conceivable in fact that the frequent change of
posture seen when diving for seafood (descending and ascending) required a
different labyrinth structure, and that the larger Homo erectus labyrinth
was adapted to terrestrial walking and running as well as to wading,
swimming and diving locomotions.
There is no indication that an ³expanded venous circulation of neurocranium²
had anything to do with thermoregulation, but there is long-standing
evidence of expanded venous networks in diving species (Slijper 1936).
More balanced heads and short snouts are not seen in cursorial species,
whether bi- or quadrupedal, and low shoulders are to be expected in wading
and underwater swimming.
What Bramble and Lieberman refer to as ³narrow body form², ³narrow thorax²
and ³narrow pelvis² is not clear to us: compared to most primates, humans
have a relatively broad thorax and pelvis (laterolaterally), and this was
even more so in the case of australopithecines. In our opinion, the
combination of Œflared¹ iliac blades and long and relatively horizontal
femoral necks as seen in Homo erectus indicates well-developed ad- and
abduction, which is obviously not an adaptation for running, but would not
be unexpected and indeed would be advantageous for a species that had to
regularly wade, tread water, swim or climb. In Homo sapiens the pelvis
(bi-iliac diameter) did become narrower and the femoral necks shorter and
more vertical, and we agree with Bramble and Lieberman that this could be
related to more frequent terrestrial locomotion.
Plantar arches, enlarged tubera calcanei, close-packed calcaneo-cuboid
joints and short toes are not seen in cursorials, whether bi- or quadruped,
to the contrary: running species are typically unguli- or digiti-, not
plantigrade, and typically have elongated toes.
In conclusion, comparative data suggest that none of the features described
by Bramble and Lieberman (2004) are typical either of savannah dwellers or
frequently running animals, whether slow or fast. Until the features are
considered in the context of swimming and wading as well as terrestrial
movement, their interpretations should be considered with extreme caution.
As it is, there is no obvious reason why any of the features cited could not
have been of advantage in a littoral environment. We do not deny that
humans today are adapted to terrestrial locomotion including walking and
moderate running, but in our opinion the peculiar human anatomy is not
directly derivable from a typical primate ancestor who moved from closed to
more open, arid habitats.
At least two conspicuous anatomical features of Homo erectus are notably not
included in the list of features cited by Bramble and Lieberman (2004).

1) Homo erectus typically has a more robust, and therefore heavier,
skeleton than all other (fossil and extant) primates, including H. sapiens
and the other apes. One of its defining characteristics is the shape and
size of the femoral bone, which shows cortex thickening and densening
(pachyostosis) and a narrow cavity of the bone marrow (medullary stenosis).
The cranial bones, especially the posterior part (the occiput), are also
notably thicker than in other primates including H. sapiens. Unusually heavy
bones would be a disadvantage for a species relying on endurance running,
and are not seen in running mammals such as dogs or horses, whereas for a
species collecting sessile food from the water¹s edge, including underwater
foraging, they could have been a significant advantage. Human divers such as
the Ama of Korea frequently use weights to help them descend (Hong and Rahn
1967). Slow-diving mammals for sessile foods typically have medullary
stenosis and pachyostosis to a higher degree than in H. erectus (walruses,
dugongs and fossil littoral species such as Kolponomos, Odobenocetops and
some Thalassocnus species), while fast-diving mammals for mobile prey have
light-weight bones (dolphins and sealions).

2) Archaic Homo had a lower and longer brain skull than H. sapiens, with
generally less flexed cranial base and with the eyes somewhat more in front
of the brain (requiring a supraorbital torus for eye protection) rather than
fully below the frontal brain as in H. sapiens, meaning that the eyes would
have been more naturally oriented towards the sky if they were standing with
an upright posture, rather than directed more towards the horizon as is the
case when H. sapiens stands upright. This would be a disadvantage for a
species relying on endurance running because, among other things, more
energy would be needed to look at where the feet were making contact with
the ground. In a diving position, as well as in a more procumbent body
position while wading for food, for example, this would have resulted in the
eyes being more naturally oriented in the direction the individual was
moving (i.e., in the case of swimming and diving, head first through the
water). We are not aware of any models that suggest early Homo ran with a
bent hip posture, but we do note that human sprinters generally run with the
body leaning forward.

Within many contemporary H. sapiens populations there are individuals who
are capable of long distance running, but compared to typical savannah
species, humans are slow and inefficient (Figure 4). Moreover, recent
research suggests that endurance training in athletes sometimes causes
cardial arrhythmias and sudden death (Ector et al. 2007). Even Bramble and
Lieberman (2004) admit that ³humans are mediocre runners in several
respects² and ³running is more costly for humans than for most other
mammals². And since H. erectus generally had, for instance, heavier bones
than H sapiens and longer femoral necks, it must have been an even less
efficient cursorial than extant H. sapiens.

Lee Olsen · Guest

On Jul 28, 11:40 pm, Marc Verhaegen <m_verhae...@skynet.be> wrote:
[quote]Savanna Fools now confabulates:

" In fact, he walked and ran with better mechanics than we do today.

:-DDD

Inform a bit, my little boy:
[/quote]
Stupid pervert snipped all the data he couldn>t answer, what else
could he do?

Here is what the experts say:

http://tinyurl.com/2n8y2n
Carl Zimmer, Science Novemer 19, 2004
Faster Than A Hyena?
"It may come as a surprise to hear that humans excel in running.
Obviously, a leopard can leave us in the dust in a short sprint. But
over longer distances leopards and most other mammals flag. "Most
mammals can>t sustain a gallop over 10 to 15 minutes," says Lieberman.
Humans, on the other hand, can continue running for hours while using
relatively little energy. "Humans are phenomenal endurance runners,
in terms of speed, cost, and distance," says Lieberman. You can
actually outrun a pony easily." And yet, he points out, "no other
primates out there endurance run."

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v432/n7015/full/nature03052.html
Homo
Dennis M. Bramble & Daniel E. Lieberman

Abstract
"Striding bipedalism is a key derived behaviour of hominids that
possibly originated soon after the divergence of the chimpanzee and
human lineages. Although bipedal gaits include walking and running,
running is generally considered to have played no major role in human
evolution because humans, like apes, are poor sprinters compared to
most quadrupeds. Here we assess how well humans perform at sustained
long-distance running, and review the physiological and anatomical
bases of endurance running capabilities in humans and other mammals.
Judged by several criteria, humans perform remarkably well at
endurance running, thanks to a diverse array of features, many of
which leave traces in the skeleton. The fossil evidence of these
features suggests that endurance running is a derived capability of
the genus Homo, originating about 2 million years ago, and may have
been instrumental in the evolution of the human body form."

[quote]
Bramble and Lieberman (2004), in a much-discussed review article in Nature,
cite a number of derived Homo features they claim to be adaptations for more
efficient endurance running in arid, open habitats. However, while some of
these supposedly Œcursorial adaptations¹ appear first in the fossil record
in H. habilis, others appear first in H. erectus, and others still in H.
sapiens, suggesting a much more complex story than proposed by Bramble and
Lieberman.
[/quote]
Says the wetloon who thinks mountain beavers are semiaquatic.

[quote] Their conclusions are reached without systematic comparisons
with other animals (including endurance runners) and with general
comparisons restricted to fossil hominids and Pan.
[/quote]
Now this wetloon thinks he is another animal??????

[quote] Since convergent traits
are strong indicators of evolution in similar environments (Bender 1999), a
systematic comparison with a broad range of animals with a variety of
locomotor strategies would have been more informative.
[/quote]
What else did you think?

http://www.fishingfury.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/crocodile.jpg

[quote]In addition, discussion of possible locomotion styles is restricted to
walking and running, with no consideration at all given to activities such
as wading, swimming or underwater foraging, yet humans are regular waders
and more accomplished swimmers and divers than other primates.
[/quote]
Then why are you cherry picking only certain other animals, why don>t
you compare these???
http://tinyurl.com/y44rnt

Snip rest of silliness, I>ve seen enough.

Wetloons are stupid, stupid, stupid...


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Science and Technology news... Forum Index -> Anthropology - Paleo Forum
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