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Guest

On Oct 1, 11:14 pm, "Mike S" <nospam> wrote:
[quote]alsdom...@gmail.com> wrote in message

news:b7faf710-ce3c-4f63-b671-8ffaf9d90ac9@a70g2000hsh.googlegroups.com...

Hi all,

Does anyone know ifLCDpanels fortv>sareinterchangeable? I have a
26" Olevia that powers on, but the screen has been busted. I have my
eye on a Panasonic 26" but would like to know if I>m fighting a losing
battle.

Thanks!

In general - yes. Many manufacturers sell panels to other manufacturers,
and some brands may really be another brand that has been re-badged.
chances are yourTVmay have a panel that was manufactured by a different
company.
The problem is that you would need the exact same panel and I don>t know of
any printed or on-line cross reference that will tell you the exact panel
model numbers that are used in different tvs by different manufacturers.
The same is true for plasma panels.
Your only chance would be to open theTVwith the broken panel, get an exact
part number of the panel, then find aTVwith an identical panel - which is
nearly impossible.
Usually aTVwith a brokenLCDor plasma panel is only good as a spare-parts
donor for an identicalTVwhich has a problem that is not directly related
to the panel.
Good Luck.
[/quote]
I appear to be having all sorts of trouble replying. I guess because
I>m including links.

Basically I want to make sure we>re on the same page. I took the tv
apart and the only portion I see with a model # is the 2-3" thick bit
with the flat lcd panel attached.

I took the very thin lcd panel off and am curious to know if the very
flat panel is proprietary or if there is some standard.

I saw a video that took apart a 46" tv and the bottom of the panel,
where the ribbon cables connect, looks very similar to my untrained
eye. That is to say, the way the ribbons connect whatever the boards
on the bottom and side are, are the same. What I want to know is if
the boards are the same or even if every 26" has the same amount of
ribbon cables connected to the bottom/side.

I guess I>m asking, can I take a thin panel, with ribbon cables
attached and connect it to my preexisting "boards"?

This post would have made a lot more sense with pictures.

Thanks!

Arfa Daily · Guest

"b" <reverend_rogers@yahoo.com> wrote in message
news:7af0377b-e65c-424d-94aa-d2375e47d186@r66g2000hsg.googlegroups.com...
[quote]On 3 oct, 10:13, "Arfa Daily" <arfa.da...@ntlworld.com> wrote:
page.

It>s a very common problem on Philips PSU>s. Replacement type is not
critical. Just about anything of similar rating, intended as a smps
secondary reccy, will work perfectly well in my experience.

Arfa

just tried a BY255, but got erratic operation and overheating -
probably couldn>t handle the frequencies of the SMPS..... today I
bought an exact replacement schottky so will post back when
installed. Ben

???????????????
I guess I wasn>t clear enough when I said

"intended as a smps secondary reccy".

The *exact* type is, as I said, not critical. The *generic* type of
course
*is*. A secondary-side reccy in a smps *must* be a high speed job,
typically
a Schottky type, as you were originally asking about. Sorry if I implied
otherwise ... :-)

Arfa

no worries Arfa, my misunderstanding. Anyway I fitted an SB 560 and
all seems well. thanks for all the responses!
B.
[/quote]
Glad you got it going. There>s usually no other issues with that failure
mode in those machines. Just the diode, and that>s it.

Arfa

Arfa Daily · Guest

"William Sommerwerck" <grizzledgeezer@comcast.net> wrote in message
news:evGdndT7Rvr8jXXVnZ2dnUVZ_hOdnZ2d@comcast.com...
[quote]If digital disk players -- for whatever format -- were CAV, they>d have
roughly only half the recording time they do. They don>t need CAV, as the
constant clock rate allows timing variations to be corrected.

[/quote]
As I understood the description given by another poster, William, Drives
which use CAV servos for reasons that sound pretty valid (typically those
fitted to computers), feed the data to the disk for recording, at a variable
rather than constant rate, using a chunk of buffer memory to accomplish
this. The net result is that the data is still recorded at a constant
'pitch' along the tracks, the same as it would have been if a constant data
rate, and variable spin speed had been used. Thus, when the drive has
finished recording the disk, its format will be exactly the same as any
other CD / DVD. If you think about it, this would have to be the case,
otherwise adherence to the standards laid down for CD / DVD, and
compatibility with other players, would be compromised.

Presumably, on drives which used CAV servos, the reverse principle is used
for playing back ? If so, it must all work out the same, otherwise, a
commercial disk would not play in both your CAV computer drive, and the CLV
drive in your home cinema unit.

Arfa

William Sommerwerck · Guest

"Arfa Daily" <arfa.daily@ntlworld.com> wrote in message
news:Qt0Gk.19368$tq7.8191@newsfe28.ams2...
[quote]"William Sommerwerck" <grizzledgeezer@comcast.net> wrote in message
news:evGdndT7Rvr8jXXVnZ2dnUVZ_hOdnZ2d@comcast.com...

If digital disk players -- for whatever format -- were CAV, they>d have
roughly only half the recording time they do. They don>t need CAV,
as the constant clock rate allows timing variations to be corrected.

As I understood the description given by another poster, William, Drives
which use CAV servos for reasons that sound pretty valid (typically those
fitted to computers), feed the data to the disk for recording, at a
variable
rather than constant rate, using a chunk of buffer memory to accomplish
this. The net result is that the data is still recorded at a constant
'pitch' along the tracks, the same as it would have been if a constant
data
rate, and variable spin speed had been used. Thus, when the drive has
finished recording the disk, its format will be exactly the same as any
other CD / DVD. If you think about it, this would have to be the case,
otherwise adherence to the standards laid down for CD / DVD, and
compatibility with other players, would be compromised.
[/quote]
Thanks for the clarification. I wondered why you said "CAV servos", rather
than CAV.

As far as I know, CD and DVD writers record chunks of data at a constant
spin rate. What you>re suggesting is doable, but would get really messy
having to continually change the data-writing rate. And it probably isn>t
necessary. See below.

[quote]Presumably, on drives which used CAV servos, the reverse principle
is used for playing back?
[/quote]
Not necessarily. If each chunk of data represents only a few revolutions,
the playback circuitry should have no trouble handling the slight change in
data rate.

To put it another way... It isn>t necessary for a digital optical disk to be
written to at an absolutely constant data rate. The clocking and buffering
circuits should be able to handle a change of a few percent.

To give a related example... I have a Sony 601 digital processor, the only
one that can convert recordings made at 44.056kHz to S/PDIF format. An
outboard DAC has no trouble with it, despite the fact it>s the "wrong"
frequency. Yes, it>s only 0.1% slow, but the principle is the same.

Samuel M. Goldwasser · Guest

gsm@mendelson.com (Geoffrey S. Mendelson) writes:

[quote]Arfa Daily wrote:
Presumably, on drives which used CAV servos, the reverse principle is used
for playing back ? If so, it must all work out the same, otherwise, a
commercial disk would not play in both your CAV computer drive, and the CLV
drive in your home cinema unit.

It could just be that the microprocessor in the drive detects the current
bit rate and reads it accordingly. That way a disk can be written in
in almost any method at almost any speed and still be read.

This compensates for buggy writers, component aging, etc.
[/quote]
CD/DVD/Blu-Ray are all CLV to achieve maximum storage capacity. The drive or
player can do whatever the heck it pleases in reading them.

--
sam | Sci.Electronics.Repair FAQ: http://www.repairfaq.org/
Repair | Main Table of Contents: http://www.repairfaq.org/REPAIR/
+Lasers | Sam>s Laser FAQ: http://www.repairfaq.org/sam/lasersam.htm
| Mirror Sites: http://www.repairfaq.org/REPAIR/F_mirror.html

Important: Anything sent to the email address in the message header above is
ignored unless my full name AND either lasers or electronics is included in the
subject line. Or, you can contact me via the Feedback Form in the FAQs.

Andrew Erickson · Guest

In article <48e7730c$0$2191$5f6aeac3@news.scarlet.nl>,
"nitro2" <nitro2-verwijder-dit-@scarlet.be> wrote:

[quote]andrew,

I will try a y-cable

the other option i was thinking about ; car hifi high=> low converter

would that have been an option ???
[/quote]
If connected to the line output, the car converter would not work very
well and possibly not at all. If connected in place of the existing
speakers, it ought to work, but the Y cable on the line output will give
better sound quality and should cost a bit less, too.

I believe those adapter boxes are little more than a little resistive
divider network designed to present a (relatively) low impedance to the
power amplifier output and reduce the voltage to approximately the usual
line input voltage. I would imagine a large power amplifier could
pretty easily burn one out if driven hard, but I wouldn>t expect that to
be a problem with a typical small bookshelf stereo system.

--
Andrew Erickson

"He is no fool who gives what he cannot keep to gain that which he cannot
lose." -- Jim Elliot

Franc Zabkar · Guest

On 05 Oct 2008 08:37:17 -0400, sam@seas.upenn.edu (Samuel M.
Goldwasser) put finger to keyboard and composed:

[quote]gsm@mendelson.com (Geoffrey S. Mendelson) writes:

Arfa Daily wrote:
Presumably, on drives which used CAV servos, the reverse principle is used
for playing back ? If so, it must all work out the same, otherwise, a
commercial disk would not play in both your CAV computer drive, and the CLV
drive in your home cinema unit.

It could just be that the microprocessor in the drive detects the current
bit rate and reads it accordingly. That way a disk can be written in
in almost any method at almost any speed and still be read.

This compensates for buggy writers, component aging, etc.

CD/DVD/Blu-Ray are all CLV to achieve maximum storage capacity. The drive or
player can do whatever the heck it pleases in reading them.
[/quote]
Perhaps this FAQ explains it best:
http://www.cdspeed2000.com/faq.html#4

- Franc Zabkar
--
Please remove one 'i' from my address when replying by email.

AtomicTom · Guest

On Sep 25, 1:00 pm, JR North <junkjasonrno...@bigfoot.com> wrote:
[quote]You can tell if the data is there by the tape counter. If the counter
stops during play at the point where the video ends-it>s gone.
JR

AtomicTom wrote:
Is there any way torecoverfootage recorded on digital8mmvideo?
I recorded an entire 120 minute tape on a sony DCR-TRV520. I had even
reviewed the footage. Then 5 minutes into the tape it appears to
have been erased. I get a gray screen.

--
--------------------------------------------------------------
Home Page:http://www.seanet.com/~jasonrnorth
[/quote]
The counter continues to run. In fact the audio is still there, but a
gray screen for video.
Now according to you the data is still there but how do I recover it.
Right now I am the only one Iknow witha 8mm video camera. I>m
thinking I can sneak it into BestBuy and play it on one of their
machines.

Andre Majorel · Guest

On 2008-10-03, Reinhard Zwirner <reinhard_zwirner@web.de> wrote:
[quote]Andre Majorel schrieb:

...
What I don>t get is how, after shorting the plugs with a 2-cm
long piece of wire, switching to "Velec" mode (270 k input
impedance), switching off all monitors and fluorescent lamps in
the vicinity and going outside, you *still* get 9 mV.

I have an old (~1980) 4.5 digit true rms DMM; given accuracy for
ACV: 0.25% rd. + 20D!

300 mV AC range, input shorted -> display 000.12 (mV)
300 mV DC range, input shorted -> display 000.00 (mV)

Your reading could be normal for this type of DMM. What says the
manual?
[/quote]
This is a 4000-point meter. For AC voltages, the spec is
"+/-1.5% reading +/-1 count".

I>m not sure what "reading" means in this context. If it means
"whatever number is on the display", 1.5% of 9 mV is 135 µV so
the actual voltage could be anywhere between 7.865 mV and 10.135 mV.

--
André Majorel <URL:http://www.teaser.fr/~amajorel/>
You measure democracy by the freedom it gives its dissidents, not
the freedom it gives its assimilated conformists -- Abbie Hoffman.

Arfa Daily · Guest

"William Sommerwerck" <grizzledgeezer@comcast.net> wrote in message
news:xISdnc2sEvHJOnXVnZ2dnUVZ_g2dnZ2d@comcast.com...
[quote]"Arfa Daily" <arfa.daily@ntlworld.com> wrote in message
news:Qt0Gk.19368$tq7.8191@newsfe28.ams2...
"William Sommerwerck" <grizzledgeezer@comcast.net> wrote in message
news:evGdndT7Rvr8jXXVnZ2dnUVZ_hOdnZ2d@comcast.com...

If digital disk players -- for whatever format -- were CAV, they>d have
roughly only half the recording time they do. They don>t need CAV,
as the constant clock rate allows timing variations to be corrected.

As I understood the description given by another poster, William, Drives
which use CAV servos for reasons that sound pretty valid (typically those
fitted to computers), feed the data to the disk for recording, at a
variable
rather than constant rate, using a chunk of buffer memory to accomplish
this. The net result is that the data is still recorded at a constant
'pitch' along the tracks, the same as it would have been if a constant
data
rate, and variable spin speed had been used. Thus, when the drive has
finished recording the disk, its format will be exactly the same as any
other CD / DVD. If you think about it, this would have to be the case,
otherwise adherence to the standards laid down for CD / DVD, and
compatibility with other players, would be compromised.

Thanks for the clarification. I wondered why you said "CAV servos", rather
than CAV.

As far as I know, CD and DVD writers record chunks of data at a constant
spin rate. What you>re suggesting is doable, but would get really messy
having to continually change the data-writing rate. And it probably isn>t
necessary. See below.

Presumably, on drives which used CAV servos, the reverse principle
is used for playing back?

Not necessarily. If each chunk of data represents only a few revolutions,
the playback circuitry should have no trouble handling the slight change
in
data rate.

To put it another way... It isn>t necessary for a digital optical disk to
be
written to at an absolutely constant data rate. The clocking and buffering
circuits should be able to handle a change of a few percent.

To give a related example... I have a Sony 601 digital processor, the only
one that can convert recordings made at 44.056kHz to S/PDIF format. An
outboard DAC has no trouble with it, despite the fact it>s the "wrong"
frequency. Yes, it>s only 0.1% slow, but the principle is the same.

[/quote]
Accepted, but the data rate or spin rate, would be significantly different
between the start and end of the disk. If the (CAV) drive runs the disk at a
constant speed, there will be a large difference in the data rate between
the start and end, just as with a CLV drive, there is a large difference in
rotational speed between the start and end. As far as accuracy of the
writing speed goes, I would suggest that this is pretty tightly controlled,
and is probably the reason that with high speed writers, the disk is run at
a constant speed, and the data rate varied to match the writing position on
the disk between outside and inside edges of the data area. It would be a
lot easier to vary the data readout rate from the record buffer, than to try
to maintain an accurate varying (high) rotation speed, particularly on
drives that use a DC brushed motor, rather than the brushless DD types used
by better drives.

As far as CAV drives reading data back, I was being general in assuming that
the reverse principle was applied in that again, the disc is rotated at a
constant speed, and the data is processed at a constant rate, by varying the
readout speed of a chunk of buffer memory, rather than the drive switching
over to CLV for reading.

As to your point about record rates, if the disc is spun at a constant rate,
then the data must be presented at a variable writing rate, in order to
maintain a constant data pitch along the recorded track. Messy or not, it is
absolutely essential that this is done to preserve that constant pitch,
which is part of the CD / DVD specification. The difference in the lengths
of track on each rotation, between the start and end of the data area, is
simply too great for the system to be able to cope with merely as a
percentage error around the nominal data rate. This is why there is a
significant difference between the spin rate at the start and end of a disc
in a standard CLV home entertainment player, and a sophisticated servo to
take care maintaining a correct spin rate.

Arfa

Michael A. Terrell · Guest

Arfa Daily wrote:
[quote]
Accepted, but the data rate or spin rate, would be significantly different
between the start and end of the disk. If the (CAV) drive runs the disk at a
constant speed, there will be a large difference in the data rate between
the start and end, just as with a CLV drive, there is a large difference in
rotational speed between the start and end. As far as accuracy of the
writing speed goes, I would suggest that this is pretty tightly controlled,
and is probably the reason that with high speed writers, the disk is run at
a constant speed, and the data rate varied to match the writing position on
the disk between outside and inside edges of the data area. It would be a
lot easier to vary the data readout rate from the record buffer, than to try
to maintain an accurate varying (high) rotation speed, particularly on
drives that use a DC brushed motor, rather than the brushless DD types used
by better drives.

As far as CAV drives reading data back, I was being general in assuming that
the reverse principle was applied in that again, the disc is rotated at a
constant speed, and the data is processed at a constant rate, by varying the
readout speed of a chunk of buffer memory, rather than the drive switching
over to CLV for reading.

As to your point about record rates, if the disc is spun at a constant rate,
then the data must be presented at a variable writing rate, in order to
maintain a constant data pitch along the recorded track. Messy or not, it is
absolutely essential that this is done to preserve that constant pitch,
which is part of the CD / DVD specification. The difference in the lengths
of track on each rotation, between the start and end of the data area, is
simply too great for the system to be able to cope with merely as a
percentage error around the nominal data rate. This is why there is a
significant difference between the spin rate at the start and end of a disc
in a standard CLV home entertainment player, and a sophisticated servo to
take care maintaining a correct spin rate.

Arfa
[/quote]

Arfa, variable sectors per track has been around for a long time. As
your tracks move outward, you change the clock rate of the decoder
circuit, which changes the number of sectors. Commodore was doing it
with floppies over 25 years ago.

--
http://improve-usenet.org/index.html

aioe.org, Goggle Groups, and Web TV users must request to be white
listed, or I will not see your messages.

If you have broadband, your ISP may have a NNTP news server included in
your account: http://www.usenettools.net/ISP.htm

There are two kinds of people on this earth:
The crazy, and the insane.
The first sign of insanity is denying that you>re crazy.

Michael A. Terrell · Guest

Andre Majorel wrote:
[quote]
On 2008-10-03, Reinhard Zwirner <reinhard_zwirner@web.de> wrote:
Andre Majorel schrieb:

...
What I don>t get is how, after shorting the plugs with a 2-cm
long piece of wire, switching to "Velec" mode (270 k input
impedance), switching off all monitors and fluorescent lamps in
the vicinity and going outside, you *still* get 9 mV.

I have an old (~1980) 4.5 digit true rms DMM; given accuracy for
ACV: 0.25% rd. + 20D!

300 mV AC range, input shorted -> display 000.12 (mV)
300 mV DC range, input shorted -> display 000.00 (mV)

Your reading could be normal for this type of DMM. What says the
manual?

This is a 4000-point meter. For AC voltages, the spec is
"+/-1.5% reading +/-1 count".

I>m not sure what "reading" means in this context. If it means
"whatever number is on the display", 1.5% of 9 mV is 135 µV so
the actual voltage could be anywhere between 7.865 mV and 10.135 mV.
[/quote]

Just subtract that 9 mV from your readings when using that range.
Unless the thing can be NIST or similar certification for lab work, you
are going to have to put up with it.

--
http://improve-usenet.org/index.html

aioe.org, Goggle Groups, and Web TV users must request to be white
listed, or I will not see your messages.

If you have broadband, your ISP may have a NNTP news server included in
your account: http://www.usenettools.net/ISP.htm

There are two kinds of people on this earth:
The crazy, and the insane.
The first sign of insanity is denying that you>re crazy.

Geoffrey S. Mendelson · Guest

Arfa Daily wrote:
[quote]Hmmm. I>m not sure how that stacks up with CD / DVD though, as with those
media, there are no sectors as such, just constant length data frames,
recorded to disc at a constant pitch. This being the case, I don>t think
that you would be able to decode by simply varying the clock rate of the
decoder. I think, as was suggested by someone else, that you would have to
run the data through a buffer memory, and vary the clocking of the MMU to
arrive at a constant data rate input for the decoder ??
[/quote]
They are "soft sectored", which has been the same for just about every disk
drive made in the last 30 years. There were hard sectored hard drives,
which disapeared in the 1970>s and hard sectored floppies, but only one
or two computers used them in smaller than 8 inch and they did not last
long once soft sectored disks became cheap and common.

They work with a gap between sectors and a header and trailer.

It would be very easy to just "listen" for a header and adjust the clock
speed until it decodes and then read until the correct sector header
starts to come in before doing anything with the data. There is no need
to buffer it and play around with the buffer.

You just have to look for a section of silence (gap) and then a particular
bit pattern (sector header) before you start decoding.

The only cost is time, it may take a revolution or two to "sync up" or not
depending upon how close the clock is to the data.

Geoff.

--
Geoffrey S. Mendelson, Jerusalem, Israel gsm@mendelson.com N3OWJ/4X1GM

Arfa Daily · Guest

"Michael A. Terrell" <mike.terrell@earthlink.net> wrote in message
news:XuadnYpRG-eqo3fVnZ2dnUVZ_qrinZ2d@earthlink.com...
[quote]
Arfa Daily wrote:

Accepted, but the data rate or spin rate, would be significantly
different
between the start and end of the disk. If the (CAV) drive runs the disk
at a
constant speed, there will be a large difference in the data rate between
the start and end, just as with a CLV drive, there is a large difference
in
rotational speed between the start and end. As far as accuracy of the
writing speed goes, I would suggest that this is pretty tightly
controlled,
and is probably the reason that with high speed writers, the disk is run
at
a constant speed, and the data rate varied to match the writing position
on
the disk between outside and inside edges of the data area. It would be a
lot easier to vary the data readout rate from the record buffer, than to
try
to maintain an accurate varying (high) rotation speed, particularly on
drives that use a DC brushed motor, rather than the brushless DD types
used
by better drives.

As far as CAV drives reading data back, I was being general in assuming
that
the reverse principle was applied in that again, the disc is rotated at a
constant speed, and the data is processed at a constant rate, by varying
the
readout speed of a chunk of buffer memory, rather than the drive
switching
over to CLV for reading.

As to your point about record rates, if the disc is spun at a constant
rate,
then the data must be presented at a variable writing rate, in order to
maintain a constant data pitch along the recorded track. Messy or not, it
is
absolutely essential that this is done to preserve that constant pitch,
which is part of the CD / DVD specification. The difference in the
lengths
of track on each rotation, between the start and end of the data area, is
simply too great for the system to be able to cope with merely as a
percentage error around the nominal data rate. This is why there is a
significant difference between the spin rate at the start and end of a
disc
in a standard CLV home entertainment player, and a sophisticated servo to
take care maintaining a correct spin rate.

Arfa

Arfa, variable sectors per track has been around for a long time. As
your tracks move outward, you change the clock rate of the decoder
circuit, which changes the number of sectors. Commodore was doing it
with floppies over 25 years ago.

[/quote]
Hmmm. I>m not sure how that stacks up with CD / DVD though, as with those
media, there are no sectors as such, just constant length data frames,
recorded to disc at a constant pitch. This being the case, I don>t think
that you would be able to decode by simply varying the clock rate of the
decoder. I think, as was suggested by someone else, that you would have to
run the data through a buffer memory, and vary the clocking of the MMU to
arrive at a constant data rate input for the decoder ??

Arfa

Arfa Daily · Guest

"Geoffrey S. Mendelson" <gsm@mendelson.com> wrote in message
news:slrngeltie.vp3.gsm@cable.mendelson.com...
[quote]Arfa Daily wrote:
Hmmm. I>m not sure how that stacks up with CD / DVD though, as with those
media, there are no sectors as such, just constant length data frames,
recorded to disc at a constant pitch. This being the case, I don>t think
that you would be able to decode by simply varying the clock rate of the
decoder. I think, as was suggested by someone else, that you would have
to
run the data through a buffer memory, and vary the clocking of the MMU to
arrive at a constant data rate input for the decoder ??

They are "soft sectored", which has been the same for just about every
disk
drive made in the last 30 years. There were hard sectored hard drives,
which disapeared in the 1970>s and hard sectored floppies, but only one
or two computers used them in smaller than 8 inch and they did not last
long once soft sectored disks became cheap and common.

They work with a gap between sectors and a header and trailer.

It would be very easy to just "listen" for a header and adjust the clock
speed until it decodes and then read until the correct sector header
starts to come in before doing anything with the data. There is no need
to buffer it and play around with the buffer.

You just have to look for a section of silence (gap) and then a particular
bit pattern (sector header) before you start decoding.

The only cost is time, it may take a revolution or two to "sync up" or not
depending upon how close the clock is to the data.

Geoff.

--
Geoffrey S. Mendelson, Jerusalem, Israel gsm@mendelson.com N3OWJ/4X1GM
[/quote]

Yes, agreed with hard and floppy drives, but I was not aware of there being
any 'sectors' as such - hard or soft - on CD / DVD though. It>s been a few
years since I did the courses on CD and DVD, but my poor dim memory seems to
recall that the data format 'belongs to itself' and does not borrow from
other disc technology, hard or floppy. AFAIR, the data is pretty much
continuously recorded - allbeit spread around between frames for error
protection purposes - in constant length frames, and at a linear pitch.
There is no 'silence' to listen for. Because the data is spread around
between frames, it is necessary to have at least a small read buffer anyway,
to allow reassembly of the data and error correction to take place.

Arfa


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